Add type hints to graphene/types/field.py

[faresrafat3]

Part of #1454.

Annotates graphene/types/field.py and removes the duplicated type information
from the Field docstring, so the code becomes the single source of truth for
typing. Adds sphinx-autodoc-typehints to the docs so the hints are rendered
back into the API reference automatically.

Following the issue's guidance, this covers a whole file rather than a subset,
to avoid a later re-check of the same file.

Note on name and source

These are annotated as Optional[Union[str, Argument, UnmountedType]] rather
than Optional[str]. The constructor accepts an Argument/UnmountedType
for either and moves it into extra_args:

if isinstance(name, (Argument, UnmountedType)):
    extra_args["name"] = name
    name = None

An initial Optional[str] annotation surfaced a real call site doing exactly
that (graphene/validation/tests/test_depth_limit_validator.py passes
name=String()), so the annotation was widened to match the actual contract.

Verification

mypy graphene   -> Success: no issues found in 120 source files
ruff check      -> All checks passed
pytest -q       -> 465 passed

The docs extension was verified in a standalone Sphinx build against the
modified module — the rendered page contains Callable, Optional and Any,
confirming sphinx_autodoc_typehints is picking up the new annotations.

The one Sphinx warning in that build (undefined label: 'resolverparamgraphqlarguments') is pre-existing — it reproduces identically
on the unmodified file.

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