help.TXT

=== BASIC++ COMMAND REFERENCE ===

[Arithmetic / Math]
 ABS          Absolute value
 ACOS         Arccosine (SBASIC, returns radians)
 ASIN         Arcsine (SBASIC, returns radians)
 ATN          Arctangent (returns radians)
 AVG          Advanced mathematical function
 CABS         Advanced mathematical function
 CARG         Advanced mathematical function
 CDBL         Convert to double precision
 CEXP         Advanced mathematical function
 CINT         Round to nearest integer
 CLOG         Advanced mathematical function
 COMP         Compare two values (SBASIC, returns -1/0/+1)
 COMPLEX      Advanced mathematical function
 CONJ         Advanced mathematical function
 COS          Cosine (radians)
 COSH         Hyperbolic cosine (SBASIC)
 CPOW         Advanced mathematical function
 CSNG         Convert to single precision
 CSQR         Advanced mathematical function
 DET          Determinant of a matrix
 EXP          Exponential (e^x)
 FIX          Truncate toward zero
 HI           High 8 bits (byte) of integer
 IMAG         Advanced mathematical function
 INT          Truncate to integer (math) or trigger software interrupt
 LGT          Common logarithm base 10 (HP BASIC)
 LN           Natural logarithm (base e)
 LO           Low 8 bits (byte) of integer
 LOG          Natural logarithm (base e)
 LOG10        Common logarithm base 10 (SBASIC)
 LOG2         Binary logarithm base 2 (SBASIC)
 MAX          Advanced mathematical function
 MED          Advanced mathematical function
 MIN          Advanced mathematical function
 NUM          Convert string to number
 PDIF         Positive difference (SBASIC, MAX(a-b,0))
 PI           Constant PI (SBASIC, 3.14159...)
 RANDOMIZE    Seed the random number generator
 REAL         Advanced mathematical function
 REMAINDER    Modulo remainder of division
 RND          Random number (0 to 1)
 ROUND        Advanced mathematical function
 SGN          Sign of a number (-1, 0, or 1)
 SIN          Sine (radians)
 SINH         Hyperbolic sine (SBASIC)
 SQR          Square root
 TAN          Tangent (radians)
 TANH         Hyperbolic tangent (SBASIC)
 TIM          Time components mode (HP BASIC, 0=min,1=hr,2=yday,3=yr)

[Control Flow]
 BY           Counting step in loop (SBASIC FOR loop alias)
 CALL         Call a SUB procedure
 CASE         Case clause within SELECT CASE
 CAUSE        Raise an exception (ECMA-116)
 CONTINUE     Resume execution of loop
 DECLARE      Forward-declare a SUB or FUNCTION
 DEF          Define a user function (one-line)
 DEFINE       Begin user-defined block function
 DO           Begin a DO loop
 ELSE         Alternate branch in block IF or single-line IF
 ELSEIF       Additional condition in block IF
 END          Terminate program execution
 ENDDEFINE    End user-defined function block
 ENDFOR       End counting loop (Structured BASIC)
 ENDIF        End a block IF structure
 ENDREPEAT    End repeat loop block
 ERROR        Raise a user error
 EXIT         Exit a FOR or DO loop early
 FN           Call user-defined function
 FOR          Begin a counting loop
 FUNCTION     Define a named function
 GOSUB        Call a subroutine at a line number
 GOTO         Jump to a line number
 IF           Conditional decision structure
 IN           Check containment in list or array
 IS           Case selector comparison operator
 LOOP         End of a DO loop (with condition)
 NEXT         End of a FOR loop
 ON           Computed GOTO/GOSUB or error/event handler
 ON BREAK     Set Ctrl+C / signal interrupt handler
 ON COM       Set serial port interrupt handler
 ON KEY       Set key press interrupt handler
 ON PEN       Set light pen interrupt handler
 ON PLAY      Set music buffer interrupt handler
 ON STRIG     Set joystick trigger interrupt handler
 ON TIMER     Set timer interrupt handler
 PROCEDURE    Begin procedure block definition
 REPEAT       Begin repeat loop block
 RESUME       Return from an error handler
 RETRY        Retry failed transaction statement
 RETURN       Return from a GOSUB subroutine
 SELECT       Begin a SELECT CASE block
 STEP         Count loop step increments
 STOP         Pause program (use CONT to resume)
 SUB          Define a named subroutine
 TASK         Multi-tasking thread spawn
 THEN         Conditional branch target indicator
 TO           Counting upper limit indicator
 TRAP         Set error/event trap handler (hybrid)
 UNTIL        Exit condition for repeat loop
 USE          Protected exception block handler
 USR          Invoke machine language function
 WEND         End of a WHILE loop
 WHEN         Begin protected exception block
 WHILE        Begin a conditional loop

[Debug & Testing]
 ASSERT       Assert a condition is true
 BACKTRACE    Print the call stack
 BREAK        Set a breakpoint or pause
 CHECK        Check internal state
 CONT         Continue after STOP or BREAK
 DEBUG        Enter debug mode
 DUMP         Dump variables or memory
 ENDTEST      End a test block
 SELFTEST     Run built-in interpreter tests
 TEST         Begin a test block
 TRACE        Enable detailed tracing
 TROFF        Disable execution tracing
 TRON         Enable execution tracing
 VARS         List all defined variables
 VERIFY       Verify program integrity

[Devices & Network]
 BIOREAD      Block I/O read
 BIOS         Access mock BIOS interrupt
 COM          Enable/disable COM port events
 DEVMAP       Map a device to an alias
 FILEMOD      Modify file attributes
 IMAGE        Manage disk images
 INP          Read from a hardware port
 IOCTL        Send control string to device
 MOUNT        Mount a VFS path
 NINFO        Network info query
 OUT          Write to a hardware port
 SIOREAD      Stream I/O read
 SIOREADLN    Stream I/O read line
 UMOUNT       Unmount a VFS path
 VCON         Virtual console info
 VDEV         Virtual device introspection
 VMACH        Virtual machine info
 VMEM         Virtual memory introspection
 VNET         Virtual network introspection
 VPATH        Virtual filesystem path setup
 VTERM        Virtual terminal info
 WAIT         Wait for hardware port state

[File I/O]
 ACCESS       Query file channel permissions
 ASK          Query file info (ECMA-116)
 BIOCHECKSUM  Low-level block I/O operation
 BIOCOMPARE   Low-level block I/O operation
 BIOCOPY      Low-level block I/O operation
 BIOFILL      Low-level block I/O operation
 BIOSIZE      Low-level block I/O operation
 BIOSTATUS    Low-level block I/O operation
 BIOWRITE     Low-level block I/O operation
 CHDIR        File and directory management
 CLOSE        Close a file channel
 CURDIR       Query current directory path
 CVD          Unpack 8-byte string to double
 CVI          Unpack 2-byte string to integer
 CVS          Unpack 4-byte string to single
 CWD          File and directory management
 DIR          File and directory management
 FIELD        Define record buffer fields
 FILELEN      File and directory management
 FILES        File and directory management
 FILESIZE     File and directory management
 GET          Read a record from random file
 LOC          Current file position
 LOCK         Lock file records
 LOF          Get length of open file
 MKD$         Pack double to 8-byte string
 MKDIR        File and directory management
 MKI$         Pack integer to 2-byte string
 MKS$         Pack single to 4-byte string
 MOUNTS       Display all active VFS mounts
 NAME         File and directory management
 POINTER      Query/set file position pointer
 PUT          Write a record to random file
 RENAME       File and directory management
 RESET        Close all open files
 REWRITE      Re-open channel for writing
 RMDIR        File and directory management
 SEEK         Set or get file position
 SET          Set file pointer (ECMA-116)
 SIOAVAIL     Low-level block I/O operation
 SIOFLUSH     Low-level block I/O operation
 SIOSEEK      Low-level block I/O operation
 SIOSTATUS    Low-level block I/O operation
 SIOWRITE     Low-level block I/O operation
 UNLOCK       Unlock file records
 VPATH$       File and directory management

[Graphics]
 BORDER       Set screen border color
 BRIGHT       Set text screen brightness attribute
 CIRCLE       Draw a circle
 CURSOR       Graphics or sound macro
 DISPLAY      Configure or query terminal displays
 DRAW         Graphics or sound macro
 DRAWTO       Graphics or sound macro
 FLASH        Toggle text flashing screen attribute
 GRAPHICS     Set Atari 8-bit graphics/text mode (abbreviated GR.)
 INK          Set graphics pen/ink color
 INVERSE      Toggle text screen reverse video
 OVER         Toggle text overstrike rendering mode
 PAINT        Flood fill an area
 PALETTE      Remap a palette color
 PAPER        Set text screen background paper color
 PCOPY        Copy screen memory page
 PEN          Read or configure light pen slot
 PLAY         Graphics or sound macro
 PLOT         Plot point or draw line
 PMAP         Map physical to logical coordinates
 POINT        Read color at pixel (x,y)
 PRESET       Reset a pixel at (x,y)
 PSET         Set a pixel at (x,y)
 SCREEN       Set screen mode
 VIEW         Set graphics viewport
 WINDOW       Set logical coordinate system

[Input / Output]
 AT           Position cursor (used with PRINT)
 CLS          Clear the screen
 COLOR        Set text foreground/background
 CONSOLE      Set or query active console device
 EOF          Standard I/O or string formatting
 GEMINI       Network protocol handler
 GOPHER       Network protocol handler
 HOME         Move cursor to top-left
 INKEY        Non-blocking key read value
 INPUT        Get console input into a variable
 INPUT$       Read N chars from keyboard/file
 INSTR        Standard I/O or string formatting
 LINE         Read entire line (LINE INPUT)
 LOCATE       Move cursor to row,column
 LPRINT       Standard I/O or string formatting
 LSET         Standard I/O or string formatting
 NBYTESWAITING Network socket operation
 NCONNECTED   Network socket operation
 NEOF         Network socket operation
 NERROR       Network socket operation
 NHTTPSTATUS  Network socket operation
 NJSONQUERY   Network socket operation
 NSTATUS      Network socket operation
 OPEN         Standard I/O or string formatting
 PRINT        Display output to console
 RSET         Standard I/O or string formatting
 SPC          Standard I/O or string formatting
 TAB          Standard I/O or string formatting
 WIDTH        Set screen width
 WRITE        Write comma-delimited data

[Introspection]
 ALARM        Built-in command or function: ALARM
 ALIAS        Advanced language feature
 ALIAS$       Advanced language feature
 CATALOG      List all commands & functions
 COMPILE      Advanced language feature
 COPY         Built-in command or function: COPY
 DEFUSR       Built-in command or function: DEFUSR
 DEMAND       Built-in command or function: DEMAND
 ENDSELECT    Built-in command or function: ENDSELECT
 ERR$         Built-in command or function: ERR$
 EXISTS       Built-in command or function: EXISTS
 HASH         Built-in command or function: HASH
 HELP         Show this help (or HELP keyword)
 INFO         Display system information
 IOCTL$       Built-in command or function: IOCTL$
 KEY          Built-in command or function: KEY
 LIKE         Built-in command or function: LIKE
 LPOS         Printer head column position
 MEMMAP$      Current memory map name (read-only)
 MODULE       Advanced language feature
 MOVE         Built-in command or function: MOVE
 OVERRIDE     Advanced language feature
 PUBLIC       Advanced language feature
 REFORMAT     Built-in command or function: REFORMAT
 SCOPE        Advanced language feature
 SCRATCH      Built-in command or function: SCRATCH
 TXNSTATUS    Built-in command or function: TXNSTATUS
 UNLESS       Built-in command or function: UNLESS
 USING        Built-in command or function: USING
 VARPTR$      Built-in command or function: VARPTR$

[Operators]
 AND          Logical/bitwise AND operator
 EQV          Logical equivalence operator
 IMP          Logical implication operator
 MOD          Modulo (remainder) operator
 NOT          Logical/bitwise NOT operator
 OR           Logical/bitwise OR operator
 XOR          Bitwise exclusive OR

[Program Mgmt & Editing]
 AUTO         Automatic line numbering
 BLOAD        Load binary memory image
 BRUN         Load and execute binary program
 BSAVE        Save binary memory image
 CHAIN        Load and execute program, passing vars
 CLOAD        Load program from cassette
 CRUN         Load and run from cassette
 CSAVE        Save program to cassette
 DELETE       Delete program lines
 EDIT         Edit a program line
 LIST         List stored program lines
 LLIST        Print stored program lines to LPT
 LOAD         Load program from disk
 MERGE        Merge program lines from disk
 NEW          Clear program and variables
 RENUM        Renumber program lines
 RUN          Execute the stored program
 SAVE         Save program to disk
 UNLOAD       Unload module or program
 UNSAVE       Delete saved program (alias for KILL)

[Sound]
 BEEP         Emit an audible beep
 SOUND        Play a tone at frequency

[String Functions]
 ASC          ASCII value of first character
 BIN          Number base conversion
 BIN$         Convert to binary string (8-bit groups)
 CHR          Convert ASCII code to string character
 CHR$         Character from ASCII code
 HEX          Number base conversion
 HEX$         Convert to hexadecimal string
 ICASE        String manipulation function
 LCASE        String manipulation function
 LEFT         String manipulation function
 LEFT$        Get left portion of string
 LEN          Length of a string
 LTRIM        String manipulation function
 MCASE        String manipulation function
 MID          String manipulation function
 MID$         Substring function
 OCT          Number base conversion
 OCT$         Convert to octal string
 REPLACE      String manipulation function
 REVERSE      String manipulation function
 RIGHT        String manipulation function
 RIGHT$       Get right portion of string
 RTRIM        String manipulation function
 SPACE        String manipulation function
 SPACE$       Generate N space characters
 STR          String manipulation function
 STR$         Convert number to string
 STRING       String manipulation function
 TCASE        String manipulation function
 TRIM         String manipulation function
 UCASE        String manipulation function
 VAL          Convert string to number

[System & Environ]
 ATOMIC       Begin a transactional block
 BYE          Exit the interpreter
 CLOCK        Access system NTP clock
 COMMIT       Commit active transaction changes
 CURDIR$      Current directory (alias for CWD$)
 DATE         Get or set the system date
 DELAY        Pause execution for milliseconds
 DIALECT      System environment query/control
 DIALECT$     System environment query/control
 ENVIRON      System environment query/control
 ERDEV        Error device code of last device error
 ERRORLEVEL   Last shell exit code
 EXEC         Execute a system command (Alias)
 EXIST        System operation or file query
 EXTERR       Extended error information
 HOSTNAME     System environment query/control
 JIFFIES      System time or date query
 KEY(N)       Enable/disable key event trapping
 KEYWORD      Modify keyword attributes at runtime
 KILL         Reserved for future use
 MOTOR        System operation or file query
 ONKEY        Trigger key interrupt handler
 PAUSE        Pause program for N frames/seconds
 PLAY(N)      Enable/disable music buffer interrupt
 PWD          Print current working directory path
 ROLLBACK     Rollback current transaction state
 SECURITY     System operation or file query
 SHELL        Drop to system shell or exec command
 SLEEP        Pause execution for N seconds
 STICK        Read joystick coordinate value
 STRIG        Read joystick trigger status
 SYS          Execute a system command
 SYSTEM       System environment query/control
 TEST         System operation or file query
 TI           System time or date query
 TI$          System time or date query
 TICKS        System time or date query
 TIME         Get or set the system time
 TODAY$       System time or date query
 TXN          Query current transaction status
 USERNAME     System environment query/control

[System Variables]
 CLOCK$       Current timestamp as YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
 CWD$         Current working directory name string
 DATE$        Current date as MM-DD-YYYY
 DAY          Current day of month (1-31)
 DAY$         Current day of the week
 ERL          Line number of last runtime error
 ERR          Numeric code of last runtime error
 FALSE        Boolean value -1
 HOSTNAME$    System hostname string
 HOURS        Current hour (0-23)
 INKEY$       Non-blocking single-char keyboard read
 MEM          Free variable space in bytes
 MINUTES      Current minute (0-59)
 MONTH        Current numeric month (1-12)
 MONTH$       Current month name
 ONKEY$       Event-aware keyboard read
 PWD$         Current working directory path string
 SECONDS      Current second (0-59)
 SIZE         Program memory size in bytes
 TIME$        Current time as HH:MM:SS
 TIMER        Seconds elapsed since midnight
 TRUE         Boolean value 1
 USERNAME$    Current system username string
 VER          Current BASIC++ version number
 YEAR         Current 4-digit year

[Variables & Memory]
 AS           Specify variable type or file channel alias
 BANK         RAMBANK segmented virtual memory control
 CLEAR        Clear stack and variables
 CLR          Clear all variables (Atari/C64)
 COMMON       Share vars with CHAINed program
 CONST        Define a named constant
 CSRLIN       Current cursor row
 DATA         Store numeric or string data
 DEFDBL       Declare double variable range
 DEFINT       Declare integer variable range
 DEFSNG       Declare single variable range
 DEFSTR       Declare string variable range
 DIM          Declare an array with dimensions
 ERASE        Erase an array from memory
 FRE          Free memory available
 LBOUND       Array lower bound index
 LET          Assign value to variable (optional in most dialects)
 LOCAL        Declare local variables in sub/fn
 MAT          Matrix operations
 MEMMAP       Select memory map preset
 MKD          Pack double to 8-byte string
 MKI          Pack integer to 2-byte string
 MKS          Pack single to 4-byte string
 OPTION       Set interpreter options
 PEEK         Read byte from virtual memory
 PEEKB        Read byte from a RAMBANK segment
 POKE         Write byte to virtual memory
 POKEB        Write byte to a RAMBANK segment
 POS          Current cursor column
 PRETRIEVE    Retrieve persistent variable
 PSTORE       Store variable persistently
 READ         Read the next DATA value
 REDIM        Resize a dynamic array
 REM          Comment (ignored by interpreter)
 RESTORE      Reset DATA pointer to beginning
 SEG          Get memory segment index of variable
 SHARED       Share variables with main program
 STATIC       Preserve local variables across calls
 SWAP         Exchange two variables
 TYPE         Define a user-defined type
 UBOUND       Array upper bound index
 VARPTR       Pointer index of a variable