diff --git a/src/Analyser/ExprHandler/ArrowFunctionHandler.php b/src/Analyser/ExprHandler/ArrowFunctionHandler.php
index b811653920a..23ee83f528d 100644
--- a/src/Analyser/ExprHandler/ArrowFunctionHandler.php
+++ b/src/Analyser/ExprHandler/ArrowFunctionHandler.php
@@ -41,7 +41,11 @@ public function supports(Expr $expr): bool
 
 	public function processExpr(NodeScopeResolver $nodeScopeResolver, Stmt $stmt, Expr $expr, MutatingScope $scope, ExpressionResultStorage $storage, callable $nodeCallback, ExpressionContext $context): ExpressionResult
 	{
-		$arrowFunctionResult = $nodeScopeResolver->processArrowFunctionNode($stmt, $expr, $scope, $storage, $nodeCallback, null);
+		// an arrow function nested inside a call argument (array literal,
+		// ternary) carries the parameter type it is passed to - see
+		// NodeScopeResolver::annotateNestedClosuresWithPassedToType()
+		[$passedToType, $nativePassedToType] = $expr->getAttribute(NodeScopeResolver::CLOSURE_PASSED_TO_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE) ?? [null, null];
+		$arrowFunctionResult = $nodeScopeResolver->processArrowFunctionNode($stmt, $expr, $scope, $storage, $nodeCallback, $passedToType, $nativePassedToType);
 		$this->closureTypeResolver->seedCacheFromArrowFunctionWalk($scope, $expr, $arrowFunctionResult);
 		$result = $arrowFunctionResult->getExpressionResult();
 
diff --git a/src/Analyser/ExprHandler/ClosureHandler.php b/src/Analyser/ExprHandler/ClosureHandler.php
index 07f600f69d4..2ec9add8805 100644
--- a/src/Analyser/ExprHandler/ClosureHandler.php
+++ b/src/Analyser/ExprHandler/ClosureHandler.php
@@ -41,7 +41,11 @@ public function supports(Expr $expr): bool
 
 	public function processExpr(NodeScopeResolver $nodeScopeResolver, Stmt $stmt, Expr $expr, MutatingScope $scope, ExpressionResultStorage $storage, callable $nodeCallback, ExpressionContext $context): ExpressionResult
 	{
-		$processClosureResult = $nodeScopeResolver->processClosureNode($stmt, $expr, $scope, $storage, $nodeCallback, $context, null);
+		// a closure nested inside a call argument (array literal, ternary)
+		// carries the parameter type it is passed to - see
+		// NodeScopeResolver::annotateNestedClosuresWithPassedToType()
+		[$passedToType, $nativePassedToType] = $expr->getAttribute(NodeScopeResolver::CLOSURE_PASSED_TO_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE) ?? [null, null];
+		$processClosureResult = $nodeScopeResolver->processClosureNode($stmt, $expr, $scope, $storage, $nodeCallback, $context, $passedToType, $nativePassedToType);
 		$this->closureTypeResolver->seedCacheFromClosureWalk($scope, $expr, $processClosureResult);
 
 		return $this->expressionResultFactory->create(
diff --git a/src/Analyser/ExprHandler/Helper/ClosureTypeResolver.php b/src/Analyser/ExprHandler/Helper/ClosureTypeResolver.php
index cb8411fed35..e4009a4c1df 100644
--- a/src/Analyser/ExprHandler/Helper/ClosureTypeResolver.php
+++ b/src/Analyser/ExprHandler/Helper/ClosureTypeResolver.php
@@ -803,6 +803,7 @@ private function buildParametersAndAcceptors(
 		$nativeCallableParameters = null;
 		$arrayMapArgs = $expr->getAttribute(ArrayMapArgVisitor::ATTRIBUTE_NAME);
 		$immediatelyInvokedArgs = $expr->getAttribute(ImmediatelyInvokedClosureVisitor::ARGS_ATTRIBUTE_NAME);
+		$passedTo = $expr->getAttribute(NodeScopeResolver::CLOSURE_PASSED_TO_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE);
 		if ($arrayMapArgs !== null) {
 			$callableParameters = [];
 			$nativeCallableParameters = [];
@@ -815,6 +816,13 @@ private function buildParametersAndAcceptors(
 				$callableParameters[] = new DummyParameter('item', $scope->getType($immediatelyInvokedArg->value), optional: false, passedByReference: PassedByReference::createNo(), variadic: false, defaultValue: null);
 				$nativeCallableParameters[] = new DummyParameter('item', $scope->getNativeType($immediatelyInvokedArg->value), optional: false, passedByReference: PassedByReference::createNo(), variadic: false, defaultValue: null);
 			}
+		} elseif ($passedTo !== null) {
+			// nested inside a call argument: the projected parameter type, not
+			// the enclosing parameter on the in-function-call stack (that one
+			// describes the whole argument, e.g. the array of closures)
+			[$passedToType, $nativePassedToType] = $passedTo;
+			$callableParameters = $this->nodeScopeResolver->createCallableParameters($scope, $expr, null, $passedToType);
+			$nativeCallableParameters = $this->nodeScopeResolver->createNativeCallableParameters($scope, $expr, null, $nativePassedToType ?? $passedToType);
 		} else {
 			$inFunctionCallsStackCount = count($scope->inFunctionCallsStack);
 			if ($inFunctionCallsStackCount > 0) {
diff --git a/src/Analyser/NodeScopeResolver.php b/src/Analyser/NodeScopeResolver.php
index 90e7657c837..e3d71d69dc4 100644
--- a/src/Analyser/NodeScopeResolver.php
+++ b/src/Analyser/NodeScopeResolver.php
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@
 use PHPStan\Reflection\ExtendedMethodReflection;
 use PHPStan\Reflection\ExtendedParameterReflection;
 use PHPStan\Reflection\FunctionReflection;
+use PHPStan\Reflection\InitializerExprTypeResolver;
 use PHPStan\Reflection\MethodReflection;
 use PHPStan\Reflection\Native\NativeMethodReflection;
 use PHPStan\Reflection\Native\NativeParameterReflection;
@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@
 use PHPStan\ShouldNotHappenException;
 use PHPStan\TrinaryLogic;
 use PHPStan\Type\ClosureType;
+use PHPStan\Type\Constant\ConstantIntegerType;
 use PHPStan\Type\FileTypeMapper;
 use PHPStan\Type\FunctionParameterClosureThisExtension;
 use PHPStan\Type\FunctionParameterClosureTypeExtension;
@@ -121,6 +123,15 @@ class NodeScopeResolver
 	public const LOOP_SCOPE_ITERATIONS = 3;
 	public const GENERALIZE_AFTER_ITERATION = 1;
 
+	/**
+	 * Set on a closure/arrow function nested inside a call argument (through
+	 * array literals and ternaries) to the parameter type it ends up passed
+	 * to, as array{Type, Type|null} (phpdoc type, native type).
+	 * A closure that IS the argument gets that type handed to
+	 * processClosureNode() directly and never carries the attribute.
+	 */
+	public const CLOSURE_PASSED_TO_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE = 'phpstanClosurePassedToType';
+
 	/** @var array<string, true> filePath(string) => bool(true) */
 	private array $analysedFiles = [];
 
@@ -1934,12 +1945,19 @@ public function processArgs(
 					// args that pin them, so determining siblings are already processed; the mixed pad keeps
 					// the argument COUNT correct so the by-ref/variadic variant stays stable (e.g. sscanf),
 					// while processed siblings resolve a generic callable(T) parameter. No forward read.
+					// An argument that only CONTAINS closures (array literal, ternary) pins template
+					// types itself - array<T, Closure(T)> reads T off the keys - so it is padded with
+					// its structural type: the literal with each nested closure's declared signature.
 					$paddedTypes = [];
 					$paddedUnpack = false;
 					$paddedHasName = false;
 					foreach ($args as $j => $paddedArg) {
 						$paddedOriginalArg = $paddedArg->getAttribute(ArgumentsNormalizer::ORIGINAL_ARG_ATTRIBUTE) ?? $paddedArg;
-						$this->addGatheredArgType($paddedTypes, $paddedUnpack, $paddedHasName, $paddedOriginalArg, $j, $gatheredArgTypeByIndex[$j] ?? new MixedType());
+						$paddedType = $gatheredArgTypeByIndex[$j] ?? null;
+						if ($paddedType === null && $j === $i) {
+							$paddedType = $this->getStructuralArgType($scope, $arg->value);
+						}
+						$this->addGatheredArgType($paddedTypes, $paddedUnpack, $paddedHasName, $paddedOriginalArg, $j, $paddedType ?? new MixedType());
 					}
 					$argMetadataAcceptor = $this->selectArgsMetadataAcceptor($args, $paddedTypes, $parametersAcceptors, $namedArgumentsVariants, $paddedHasName, $paddedUnpack, $scope);
 				} else {
@@ -2178,6 +2196,9 @@ public function processArgs(
 				// getType() answers from the stored result
 				$this->callNodeCallbackWithExpression($nodeCallback, $arg->value, $scopeToPass, $storage, $context);
 			} else {
+				if ($parameterType !== null) {
+					$this->annotateNestedClosuresWithPassedToType($scope, $arg->value, $parameterType, $parameterNativeType);
+				}
 				$exprType = $scope->getType($arg->value);
 				$enterExpressionAssignForByRef = $assignByReference && $arg->value instanceof ArrayDimFetch && $arg->value->dim === null;
 				if ($enterExpressionAssignForByRef) {
@@ -2465,6 +2486,118 @@ private function gatherClosureArgType(array $parametersAcceptors, int $i, Expr $
 		return $scope->getType($closureExpr);
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * The type of an argument that contains closures, without walking any
+	 * closure body: array literals and ternaries are built structurally,
+	 * a nested closure/arrow function contributes its declared signature
+	 * only, and any other closure-containing expression (a call taking a
+	 * closure, ...) is mixed. Sub-expressions without a closure inside read
+	 * their scope type as usual.
+	 *
+	 * Null when the expression is not an array literal or ternary - there
+	 * is nothing structural to read and the caller pads with mixed.
+	 */
+	private function getStructuralArgType(MutatingScope $scope, Expr $expr): ?Type
+	{
+		if ($expr instanceof Expr\Ternary) {
+			$ifType = $this->getStructuralItemType($scope, $expr->if ?? $expr->cond);
+			$elseType = $this->getStructuralItemType($scope, $expr->else);
+
+			return TypeCombinator::union($ifType, $elseType);
+		}
+
+		if (!$expr instanceof Expr\Array_) {
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		return $this->container->getByType(InitializerExprTypeResolver::class)->getArrayType($expr, fn (Expr $itemExpr): Type => $this->getStructuralItemType($scope, $itemExpr));
+	}
+
+	private function getStructuralItemType(MutatingScope $scope, Expr $expr): Type
+	{
+		if ($expr instanceof Expr\Closure || $expr instanceof Expr\ArrowFunction) {
+			return $this->container->getByType(ClosureTypeResolver::class)->getClosureType($scope, $expr, true);
+		}
+
+		if (!$this->argConsumesResolvedParameterType($expr)) {
+			return $scope->getType($expr);
+		}
+
+		return $this->getStructuralArgType($scope, $expr) ?? new MixedType();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Projects the parameter type an argument is passed to onto the
+	 * closures/arrow functions nested inside it, so their parameters are
+	 * inferred the same way as for a closure that IS the argument.
+	 *
+	 * Walks array literals (projecting through the key: a literal key or the
+	 * auto-index reads the offset value type, so array shapes resolve per
+	 * item) and both branches of a ternary. Any other expression stops the
+	 * projection - its value is not the argument value itself.
+	 */
+	private function annotateNestedClosuresWithPassedToType(Scope $scope, Expr $expr, Type $type, ?Type $nativeType): void
+	{
+		if ($expr instanceof Expr\Closure || $expr instanceof Expr\ArrowFunction) {
+			$expr->setAttribute(self::CLOSURE_PASSED_TO_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE, [$type, $nativeType]);
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if (!$this->argConsumesResolvedParameterType($expr)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if ($expr instanceof Expr\Ternary) {
+			if ($expr->if !== null) {
+				$this->annotateNestedClosuresWithPassedToType($scope, $expr->if, $type, $nativeType);
+			}
+			$this->annotateNestedClosuresWithPassedToType($scope, $expr->else, $type, $nativeType);
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if (!$expr instanceof Expr\Array_) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// only the array members of a union describe the literal's items
+		if ($type instanceof UnionType) {
+			$type = $type->filterTypes(static fn (Type $innerType) => $innerType->isArray()->yes());
+			if ($type->isArray()->no()) {
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+		if ($nativeType instanceof UnionType) {
+			$nativeType = $nativeType->filterTypes(static fn (Type $innerType) => $innerType->isArray()->yes());
+		}
+
+		$nextAutoIndex = 0;
+		foreach ($expr->items as $item) {
+			if ($item->unpack) {
+				// the unpacked count is unknown, later auto-indexes are too
+				$nextAutoIndex = null;
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			if ($item->key === null) {
+				$keyType = $nextAutoIndex !== null ? new ConstantIntegerType($nextAutoIndex++) : null;
+			} else {
+				$keyType = $scope->getType($item->key);
+				$keyValues = $keyType->getConstantScalarValues();
+				if ($nextAutoIndex !== null && count($keyValues) === 1 && is_int($keyValues[0])) {
+					$nextAutoIndex = max($nextAutoIndex, $keyValues[0] + 1);
+				}
+			}
+
+			$itemType = $keyType !== null ? $type->getOffsetValueType($keyType) : $type->getIterableValueType();
+			$itemNativeType = null;
+			if ($nativeType !== null) {
+				$itemNativeType = $keyType !== null ? $nativeType->getOffsetValueType($keyType) : $nativeType->getIterableValueType();
+			}
+
+			$this->annotateNestedClosuresWithPassedToType($scope, $item->value, $itemType, $itemNativeType);
+		}
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Whether processing this argument consumes the generic-RESOLVED parameter
 	 * type: a closure/arrow function does - its parameters and body scope are
diff --git a/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/bug-11215.php b/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/bug-11215.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..10a29b92814
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/bug-11215.php
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?php declare(strict_types = 1);
+
+namespace Bug11215;
+
+use function PHPStan\Testing\assertType;
+
+class User {}
+
+/** @template TModel */
+class Builder
+{
+}
+
+/** @template TModel */
+class Collection
+{
+	/** @param callable(Builder<TModel>): mixed $relation */
+	public function load($relation): void
+	{
+		//
+	}
+
+	/** @param array<string, (callable(Builder<TModel>): mixed)|string> $relations */
+	public function loadMany($relations): void
+	{
+		//
+	}
+}
+
+/** @var Collection<User> $users */
+$users->load(function ($query) {
+	assertType('Bug11215\Builder<Bug11215\User>', $query);
+});
+
+$users->loadMany(['foo' => function ($query) {
+	assertType('Bug11215\Builder<Bug11215\User>', $query);
+}]);
diff --git a/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/bug-6430.php b/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/bug-6430.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b4d4c60009f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/bug-6430.php
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<?php declare(strict_types = 1);
+
+namespace Bug6430;
+
+use function PHPStan\Testing\assertType;
+
+/**
+ * @template TKey of array-key
+ * @template TValue
+ */
+class HelloWorld
+{
+	/**
+	 * @param array<int, (\Closure(TValue, TKey): mixed)> $callback
+	 */
+	public function sayHello($callback): void
+	{
+
+	}
+}
+
+/** @var HelloWorld<int, string> */
+$a = new HelloWorld;
+
+$a->sayHello([function ($u, $i) {
+	assertType('string', $u);
+	assertType('int', $i);
+	return true;
+}]);
diff --git a/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/closure-passed-to-type-nested-unpack.php b/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/closure-passed-to-type-nested-unpack.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6a03f83c19f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/closure-passed-to-type-nested-unpack.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php // lint >= 8.1
+
+declare(strict_types = 1);
+
+namespace ClosurePassedToTypeNestedUnpack;
+
+use function PHPStan\Testing\assertType;
+
+/**
+ * @template T
+ * @param array<T, \Closure(T): void> $callbacks
+ */
+function acceptKeyedGenericWithUnpack(array $callbacks): void {}
+
+/** @param array<'z', \Closure('z'): void> $more */
+function withUnpack(array $more): void {
+	acceptKeyedGenericWithUnpack([
+		...$more,
+		'foo' => function ($value): void {
+			assertType("'foo'|'z'", $value);
+		},
+	]);
+};
diff --git a/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/closure-passed-to-type-nested.php b/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/closure-passed-to-type-nested.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b10df61a2f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/closure-passed-to-type-nested.php
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+<?php declare(strict_types = 1);
+
+namespace ClosurePassedToTypeNested;
+
+use function PHPStan\Testing\assertType;
+use function PHPStan\Testing\assertNativeType;
+
+/** @param array<string, \Closure(int): void> $callbacks */
+function acceptCallbacks(array $callbacks): void {}
+
+acceptCallbacks([
+	'foo' => function ($value): void {
+		assertType('int', $value);
+		assertNativeType('mixed', $value);
+	},
+	'bar' => fn ($value) => assertType('int', $value),
+]);
+
+/** @param array{first: \Closure(int): void, second: \Closure(string): void, \Closure(float): void} $callbacks */
+function acceptShape(array $callbacks): void {}
+
+acceptShape([
+	'first' => function ($value): void {
+		assertType('int', $value);
+	},
+	'second' => function ($value): void {
+		assertType('string', $value);
+	},
+	function ($value): void {
+		assertType('float', $value);
+	},
+]);
+
+/** @param list<\Closure(int): void> $callbacks */
+function acceptList(array $callbacks): void {}
+
+acceptList([
+	function ($value): void {
+		assertType('int', $value);
+	},
+	function ($value): void {
+		assertType('int', $value);
+	},
+]);
+
+/** @param array<string, array<string, \Closure(bool): void>> $callbacks */
+function acceptNested(array $callbacks): void {}
+
+acceptNested([
+	'a' => [
+		'b' => function ($value): void {
+			assertType('bool', $value);
+		},
+	],
+]);
+
+/** @param \Closure(int): void|array<string, \Closure(string): void> $callbacks */
+function acceptUnion($callbacks): void {}
+
+acceptUnion(function ($value): void {
+	assertType('int', $value);
+});
+
+acceptUnion([
+	'foo' => function ($value): void {
+		assertType('string', $value);
+	},
+]);
+
+/**
+ * @template T
+ * @param list<T> $items
+ * @param array<string, \Closure(T): void> $callbacks
+ */
+function acceptGeneric(array $items, array $callbacks): void {}
+
+acceptGeneric([1, 2, 3], [
+	'foo' => function ($value): void {
+		assertType('1|2|3', $value);
+	},
+]);
+
+/** @param array<string, \Closure(int): void> $callbacks */
+function acceptTernary(array $callbacks): void {}
+
+acceptTernary(rand(0, 1) === 0 ? [
+	'foo' => function ($value): void {
+		assertType('int', $value);
+	},
+] : [
+	'bar' => function ($value): void {
+		assertType('int', $value);
+	},
+]);
+
+/** @param array<string, \Closure(int): void> $callbacks */
+function acceptReturnType(array $callbacks): void {}
+
+acceptReturnType([
+	'foo' => function ($value) {
+		return $value + 1;
+	},
+]);
+
+function (array $callbacks): void {
+	acceptCallbacks([
+		'foo' => function (string $value): void {
+			assertType('string', $value);
+		},
+	]);
+};
+
+/**
+ * @template T
+ * @param array<T, \Closure(T): void> $callbacks
+ */
+function acceptKeyedGeneric(array $callbacks): void {}
+
+acceptKeyedGeneric([
+	'foo' => function ($value): void {
+		assertType("'bar'|'foo'", $value);
+	},
+	'bar' => fn ($value) => assertType("'bar'|'foo'", $value),
+]);
+
+/**
+ * @template T
+ * @param array<int, T> $values
+ * @param array<int, \Closure(T): void> $callbacks
+ */
+function acceptGenericTernaryItem(array $values, array $callbacks): void {}
+
+acceptGenericTernaryItem([1, 2], [
+	rand(0, 1) === 0 ? function ($value): void {
+		assertType('1|2', $value);
+	} : function ($value): void {
+		assertType('1|2', $value);
+	},
+]);
+
+/**
+ * @template T
+ * @param array<string, array{T, \Closure(T): void}> $callbacks
+ */
+function acceptNestedGeneric(array $callbacks): void {}
+
+acceptNestedGeneric([
+	'a' => ['x', function ($value): void {
+		assertType("'x'", $value);
+	}],
+]);