diff --git a/src/Exceptions/Handler.php b/src/Exceptions/Handler.php
index def3bcdf..4abc3167 100644
--- a/src/Exceptions/Handler.php
+++ b/src/Exceptions/Handler.php
@@ -205,7 +205,8 @@ private function manuallyHandleException(\Throwable $exception): ?\Illuminate\Ht
                 return response()->error('Invalid XSRF token sent with request.', 419);
 
             case 'ThrottleRequestsException':
-                return response()->error('Too many requests.', 429);
+                // Keep Retry-After and X-RateLimit-* so the throttled client knows when to retry.
+                return response()->error('Too many requests.', 429)->withHeaders($exception->getHeaders());
 
             case 'AuthenticationException':
                 return response()->error('Unauthenticated.', 401);
diff --git a/src/Http/Middleware/ThrottleRequests.php b/src/Http/Middleware/ThrottleRequests.php
index 3f32b83c..bb00885a 100644
--- a/src/Http/Middleware/ThrottleRequests.php
+++ b/src/Http/Middleware/ThrottleRequests.php
@@ -59,6 +59,39 @@ public function handle($request, \Closure $next, $maxAttempts = null, $decayMinu
         return parent::handle($request, $next, $maxAttempts, $decayMinutes, $prefix);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Resolve the limiter key from the consumer rather than the connection.
+     *
+     * This middleware runs ahead of API authentication, so Laravel's default signature
+     * (the authenticated user, else route domain + client IP) always fell through to the
+     * IP. Behind a load balancer or reverse proxy that IP is the proxy's, and no route has
+     * a domain, so every tenant, API key and console visitor shared one bucket: a single
+     * busy integration returned 429 to the entire platform.
+     *
+     * The presented credential identifies the consumer without a database lookup, so the
+     * key is the hashed credential. Only requests carrying no credential fall back to the
+     * user, then the IP. The first path segment ("v1", "int", ...) keeps the public API and
+     * the console's public routes in separate buckets.
+     *
+     * @param \Illuminate\Http\Request $request
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function resolveRequestSignature($request)
+    {
+        $scope = 'fleetbase-throttle|' . ($request->segment(1) ?? '');
+
+        if ($credential = $this->extractApiKey($request)) {
+            return sha1($scope . '|credential|' . $credential);
+        }
+
+        if ($user = $request->user()) {
+            return sha1($scope . '|user|' . $user->getAuthIdentifier());
+        }
+
+        return sha1($scope . '|ip|' . $request->ip());
+    }
+
     /**
      * Extract API key from the request.
      *
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Exceptions/ExceptionHandlerTest.php b/tests/Unit/Exceptions/ExceptionHandlerTest.php
index 68dfa51d..08c71d30 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Exceptions/ExceptionHandlerTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Exceptions/ExceptionHandlerTest.php
@@ -113,6 +113,22 @@ function exception_handler_subject(): Handler
         'http not found'         => [new NotFoundHttpException(), ['There is nothing to see here.'], 404],
     ]);
 
+    it('keeps the retry-after and rate limit headers on a throttled response', function () {
+        $handler   = exception_handler_subject();
+        $exception = new ThrottleRequestsException('Too Many Attempts.', null, [
+            'Retry-After'           => 42,
+            'X-RateLimit-Limit'     => 120,
+            'X-RateLimit-Remaining' => 0,
+        ]);
+
+        $response = $handler->render(Request::create('/v1/orders', 'POST'), $exception);
+
+        expect($response->getStatusCode())->toBe(429)
+            ->and($response->headers->get('Retry-After'))->toBe('42')
+            ->and($response->headers->get('X-RateLimit-Limit'))->toBe('120')
+            ->and($response->headers->get('X-RateLimit-Remaining'))->toBe('0');
+    });
+
     it('returns a resource-specific model not found json response when the model is known', function () {
         $handler   = exception_handler_subject();
         $exception = (new ModelNotFoundException())->setModel(User::class);
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Http/MiddlewareContractsTest.php b/tests/Unit/Http/MiddlewareContractsTest.php
index 96027c7b..952a0f49 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Http/MiddlewareContractsTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Http/MiddlewareContractsTest.php
@@ -1023,6 +1023,65 @@ public function info(string $message, array $context = []): void
             ->and($isUnlimitedApiKey->invoke($middleware, 'Bearer other-key'))->toBeFalse();
     });
 
+    test('throttle requests keys the limiter on the presented credential rather than the proxy ip', function () {
+        middleware_contracts_fixture([
+            'api.throttle.enabled'        => true,
+            'api.throttle.max_attempts'   => 2,
+            'api.throttle.decay_minutes'  => 1,
+            'api.throttle.unlimited_keys' => [],
+        ]);
+
+        $middleware = middleware_contracts_throttle();
+        // Every request arrives from the same load balancer address, as in production.
+        $send = function (string $uri, ?string $credential = null) use ($middleware) {
+            $server = ['REMOTE_ADDR' => '10.0.0.5'];
+            if ($credential) {
+                $server['HTTP_AUTHORIZATION'] = 'Bearer ' . $credential;
+            }
+            $request = Request::create($uri, 'GET', [], [], [], $server);
+            $request->setRouteResolver(fn () => new Illuminate\Routing\Route(['GET'], ltrim($uri, '/'), fn () => null));
+
+            try {
+                return $middleware->handle($request, fn () => new JsonResponse(['ok' => true]))->getStatusCode();
+            } catch (Illuminate\Http\Exceptions\ThrottleRequestsException $exception) {
+                return $exception->getStatusCode();
+            }
+        };
+
+        $noisy = [$send('/v1/orders', 'flb_live_noisy'), $send('/v1/orders', 'flb_live_noisy'), $send('/v1/orders', 'flb_live_noisy')];
+
+        expect($noisy)->toBe([200, 200, 429])
+            ->and($send('/v1/orders', 'flb_live_quiet'))->toBe(200)
+            ->and($send('/int/v1/auth/login'))->toBe(200)
+            ->and($send('/int/v1/lookup/countries'))->toBe(200)
+            ->and($send('/int/v1/settings/branding'))->toBe(429)
+            ->and($send('/v1/orders'))->toBe(200);
+    });
+
+    test('throttle requests falls back to the authenticated user before the ip when no credential is sent', function () {
+        middleware_contracts_fixture([
+            'api.throttle.enabled'        => true,
+            'api.throttle.max_attempts'   => 1,
+            'api.throttle.unlimited_keys' => [],
+        ]);
+
+        $middleware = middleware_contracts_throttle();
+        $signature  = new ReflectionMethod($middleware, 'resolveRequestSignature');
+        $signature->setAccessible(true);
+        $request = function (?string $userId, string $ip) {
+            $request = Request::create('/v1/orders', 'GET', [], [], [], ['REMOTE_ADDR' => $ip]);
+            $request->setUserResolver(fn () => $userId ? new Illuminate\Auth\GenericUser(['id' => $userId]) : null);
+
+            return $request;
+        };
+
+        expect($signature->invoke($middleware, $request('user-1', '10.0.0.5')))
+            ->toBe($signature->invoke($middleware, $request('user-1', '10.0.0.6')))
+            ->not->toBe($signature->invoke($middleware, $request('user-2', '10.0.0.5')))
+            ->and($signature->invoke($middleware, $request(null, '10.0.0.5')))
+            ->not->toBe($signature->invoke($middleware, $request(null, '10.0.0.6')));
+    });
+
     test('basic auth middleware rejects requests without bearer credentials before continuing', function () {
         middleware_contracts_fixture();