diff --git a/src/__tests__/test-utils/android-ui-hierarchy-fixtures.ts b/src/__tests__/test-utils/android-ui-hierarchy-fixtures.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dcf883527
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/__tests__/test-utils/android-ui-hierarchy-fixtures.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,927 @@
+import {
+  buildUiHierarchySnapshot,
+  type AndroidUiHierarchy,
+} from '../../platforms/android/ui-hierarchy.ts';
+import type { RawSnapshotNode } from '../../kernel/snapshot.ts';
+
+/**
+ * Reconstructs the `AndroidUiHierarchy` tree `buildUiHierarchySnapshot` expects
+ * (see `platforms/android/ui-hierarchy.ts`) from a flat `RawSnapshotNode[]`
+ * fixture that carries `index`/`parentIndex` (the shape Android capture
+ * fixtures already use throughout the test suite). Only the fields the walker
+ * actually reads for its inclusion decisions
+ * (`shouldIncludeAndroidNode`/`shouldIncludeStructuralAndroidNode`) are
+ * threaded through: `type`, `identifier`, `label`, `value`, `hittable`,
+ * `visibleToUser`, `rect`, plus `bundleId` -> `packageName` (echoed back onto
+ * the walked output as `bundleId`, which the chrome/divergence classifiers key
+ * on). `depth`/`parentIndex` on the tree node itself are vestigial (the walker
+ * tracks depth and parent via its own recursion, never `node.depth`), so they
+ * are not populated here.
+ */
+export function rawFixtureToAndroidTree(rawNodes: RawSnapshotNode[]): AndroidUiHierarchy {
+  const root: AndroidUiHierarchy = {
+    type: null,
+    label: null,
+    value: null,
+    identifier: null,
+    packageName: null,
+    depth: -1,
+    children: [],
+  };
+  const byIndex = new Map<number, AndroidUiHierarchy>();
+  for (const raw of rawNodes) {
+    byIndex.set(raw.index, {
+      type: raw.type ?? null,
+      label: raw.label ?? null,
+      value: raw.value ?? null,
+      identifier: raw.identifier ?? null,
+      packageName: raw.bundleId ?? null,
+      rect: raw.rect,
+      hittable: raw.hittable,
+      visibleToUser: raw.visibleToUser,
+      depth: 0,
+      children: [],
+    });
+  }
+  for (const raw of rawNodes) {
+    const node = byIndex.get(raw.index);
+    if (!node) continue;
+    const parent = raw.parentIndex !== undefined ? byIndex.get(raw.parentIndex) : undefined;
+    (parent ?? root).children.push(node);
+  }
+  return root;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs a `RawSnapshotNode[]` fixture through the REAL non-raw Android walk
+ * (`buildUiHierarchySnapshot(..., { raw: false })`), the same drop+reparent
+ * pass a device `snapshot` capture applies before nodes ever reach
+ * `collectSettleChromeRefs` / the replay divergence screen builder. Unlabeled,
+ * non-hittable, generic-id structural nodes (`shouldIncludeStructuralAndroidNode`)
+ * are dropped and their children re-parented upward — so fixtures built this
+ * way reproduce production's inclusion decisions exactly, instead of hand-
+ * simulating only the `status_bar*`/`navigation_bar*` wrapper removal.
+ */
+export function walkNonRawAndroidFixture(rawNodes: RawSnapshotNode[]): RawSnapshotNode[] {
+  const tree = rawFixtureToAndroidTree(rawNodes);
+  return buildUiHierarchySnapshot(tree, undefined, { raw: false }).nodes;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Real device capture (checkout-form fixture app, Gboard open, status bar
+ * visible) archived at `~/.agent-device-bench/replay-runs/android-ime/raw-ime2.json`
+ * (#1251). This is the `--raw` tree: `--raw` keeps every structural wrapper
+ * node (`status_bar_container`, `status_bar_contents`, ...), unlike a default
+ * capture. Shared across the chrome-classification tests
+ * (`core/__tests__/snapshot-chrome-android-statusbar.test.ts`) and the replay
+ * divergence route test (`daemon/handlers/__tests__/session-replay-divergence.test.ts`)
+ * so both exercise the exact same real screen through `walkNonRawAndroidFixture`.
+ */
+export const ANDROID_IME_CAPTURE_RAW_NODES: RawSnapshotNode[] = [
+  { index: 0, type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout', bundleId: 'com.android.systemui' },
+  {
+    index: 1,
+    parentIndex: 0,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/status_bar_launch_animation_container',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 2,
+    parentIndex: 0,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/status_bar_container',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 3,
+    parentIndex: 2,
+    type: 'androidx.compose.ui.platform.ComposeView',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+  },
+  { index: 4, parentIndex: 3, type: 'android.view.View', bundleId: 'com.android.systemui' },
+  {
+    index: 5,
+    parentIndex: 4,
+    type: 'androidx.compose.ui.viewinterop.ViewFactoryHolder',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 6,
+    parentIndex: 5,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/status_bar',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 7,
+    parentIndex: 6,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/status_bar_contents',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 8,
+    parentIndex: 7,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/status_bar_start_side_container',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 9,
+    parentIndex: 8,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/status_bar_start_side_content',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 10,
+    parentIndex: 9,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/status_bar_start_side_except_heads_up',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 11,
+    parentIndex: 10,
+    type: 'android.widget.TextView',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/clock',
+    label: '7:03',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 12,
+    parentIndex: 10,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/start_side_notif_and_chip_container',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 13,
+    parentIndex: 12,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/notification_icon_area',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 14,
+    parentIndex: 13,
+    type: 'android.view.ViewGroup',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/notificationIcons',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 15,
+    parentIndex: 14,
+    type: 'android.widget.ImageView',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    label: 'Security & privacy notification: ',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 16,
+    parentIndex: 7,
+    type: 'android.view.View',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/cutout_space_view',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 17,
+    parentIndex: 7,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/status_bar_end_side_container',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 18,
+    parentIndex: 17,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/status_bar_end_side_content',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 19,
+    parentIndex: 18,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/system_icons',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 20,
+    parentIndex: 19,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/statusIcons',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 21,
+    parentIndex: 20,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/mobile_combo',
+    label: 'T-Mobile, signal full.',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 22,
+    parentIndex: 21,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/mobile_group',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 23,
+    parentIndex: 22,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 24,
+    parentIndex: 23,
+    type: 'android.widget.ImageView',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/mobile_signal',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 25,
+    parentIndex: 20,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/wifi_combo',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 26,
+    parentIndex: 25,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/wifi_group',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 27,
+    parentIndex: 26,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/wifi_combo',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 28,
+    parentIndex: 27,
+    type: 'android.widget.ImageView',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/wifi_signal',
+    label: 'Wifi signal full.',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 29,
+    parentIndex: 19,
+    type: 'androidx.compose.ui.platform.ComposeView',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+  },
+  { index: 30, parentIndex: 29, type: 'android.view.View', bundleId: 'com.android.systemui' },
+  {
+    index: 31,
+    parentIndex: 30,
+    type: 'android.view.View',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/battery',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 32,
+    parentIndex: 31,
+    type: 'android.view.View',
+    bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+    label: 'Battery 100 percent.',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 33,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 34,
+    parentIndex: 33,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 35,
+    parentIndex: 34,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'android:id/content',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 36,
+    parentIndex: 35,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'android:id/parentPanel',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 37,
+    parentIndex: 36,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'android:id/inputArea',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 38,
+    parentIndex: 37,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 39,
+    parentIndex: 38,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 40,
+    parentIndex: 39,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 41,
+    parentIndex: 40,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/keyboard_holder',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 42,
+    parentIndex: 41,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/keyboard_header_view_holder',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 43,
+    parentIndex: 42,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 44,
+    parentIndex: 43,
+    type: 'android.view.ViewGroup',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 45,
+    parentIndex: 44,
+    type: 'android.view.View',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 46,
+    parentIndex: 44,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/key_pos_header_access_points_menu',
+    label: 'Open features menu',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 47,
+    parentIndex: 46,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 48,
+    parentIndex: 47,
+    type: 'android.widget.ImageView',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 49,
+    parentIndex: 44,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 50,
+    parentIndex: 49,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 51,
+    parentIndex: 50,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/softkey_holder_fixed_candidates',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 52,
+    parentIndex: 51,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    label: 'name',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 53,
+    parentIndex: 52,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 54,
+    parentIndex: 53,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 55,
+    parentIndex: 54,
+    type: 'android.widget.TextView',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+    label: 'name',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 56,
+    parentIndex: 53,
+    type: 'android.widget.ImageView',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 57,
+    parentIndex: 51,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    label: 'names',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 58,
+    parentIndex: 57,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 59,
+    parentIndex: 58,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 60,
+    parentIndex: 59,
+    type: 'android.widget.TextView',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+    label: 'names',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 61,
+    parentIndex: 58,
+    type: 'android.widget.ImageView',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 62,
+    parentIndex: 51,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 63,
+    parentIndex: 62,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    label: '📛 emoji',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 64,
+    parentIndex: 63,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 65,
+    parentIndex: 64,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 66,
+    parentIndex: 65,
+    type: 'android.view.View',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+    label: '📛 emoji',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 67,
+    parentIndex: 44,
+    type: 'android.speech.SpeechRecognizer.VoiceDictationButton',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/key_pos_header_power_key',
+    label: 'Use voice typing',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 68,
+    parentIndex: 67,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/host',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 69,
+    parentIndex: 68,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 70,
+    parentIndex: 69,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 71,
+    parentIndex: 69,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 72,
+    parentIndex: 69,
+    type: 'android.view.View',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 73,
+    parentIndex: 69,
+    type: 'android.widget.ImageView',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 74,
+    parentIndex: 41,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 75,
+    parentIndex: 74,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 76,
+    parentIndex: 75,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 77,
+    parentIndex: 76,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/input_area',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 78,
+    parentIndex: 77,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 79,
+    parentIndex: 78,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/D01',
+    label: 'q',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 80,
+    parentIndex: 79,
+    type: 'android.widget.TextView',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+    label: 'q',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 81,
+    parentIndex: 79,
+    type: 'android.widget.TextView',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+    label: '1',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 82,
+    parentIndex: 78,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/D02',
+    label: 'w',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 109,
+    parentIndex: 77,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 110,
+    parentIndex: 109,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/C01',
+    label: 'a',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 132,
+    parentIndex: 77,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 133,
+    parentIndex: 132,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/key_pos_shift',
+    label: 'Shift',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 149,
+    parentIndex: 132,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/key_pos_del',
+    label: 'Delete',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 151,
+    parentIndex: 76,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/0_resource_name_obfuscated',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 158,
+    parentIndex: 151,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/key_pos_space',
+    label: 'Space',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 163,
+    parentIndex: 151,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin:id/key_pos_ime_action',
+    label: 'Done',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 169,
+    parentIndex: 33,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 170,
+    parentIndex: 169,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'android:id/input_method_navigation_bar_view',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 176,
+    parentIndex: 170,
+    type: 'android.widget.ImageView',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'android:id/input_method_nav_back',
+    label: 'Back',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 178,
+    parentIndex: 170,
+    type: 'android.widget.ImageView',
+    bundleId: 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin',
+    identifier: 'android:id/input_method_nav_ime_switcher',
+    label: 'Switch input method',
+  },
+  { index: 180, type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout', bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab' },
+  {
+    index: 181,
+    parentIndex: 180,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 182,
+    parentIndex: 181,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 183,
+    parentIndex: 182,
+    type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+    identifier: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab:id/action_bar_root',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 184,
+    parentIndex: 183,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+    identifier: 'android:id/content',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 185,
+    parentIndex: 184,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 193,
+    parentIndex: 185,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 194,
+    parentIndex: 193,
+    type: 'android.view.ViewGroup',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 196,
+    parentIndex: 193,
+    type: 'android.view.ViewGroup',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 197,
+    parentIndex: 196,
+    type: 'android.view.ViewGroup',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 198,
+    parentIndex: 197,
+    type: 'android.view.ViewGroup',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 199,
+    parentIndex: 198,
+    type: 'android.view.ViewGroup',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 200,
+    parentIndex: 199,
+    type: 'android.widget.ScrollView',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 201,
+    parentIndex: 200,
+    type: 'android.view.ViewGroup',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 202,
+    parentIndex: 201,
+    type: 'android.view.ViewGroup',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 203,
+    parentIndex: 202,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 204,
+    parentIndex: 203,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 205,
+    parentIndex: 204,
+    type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 206,
+    parentIndex: 205,
+    type: 'android.view.ViewGroup',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 207,
+    parentIndex: 206,
+    type: 'android.view.ViewGroup',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 208,
+    parentIndex: 207,
+    type: 'android.view.ViewGroup',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 210,
+    parentIndex: 208,
+    type: 'android.widget.ScrollView',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 211,
+    parentIndex: 210,
+    type: 'android.view.ViewGroup',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 212,
+    parentIndex: 211,
+    type: 'android.view.ViewGroup',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+    identifier: 'form-title',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 213,
+    parentIndex: 211,
+    type: 'android.widget.TextView',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+    label: 'Checkout form',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 220,
+    parentIndex: 211,
+    type: 'android.widget.TextView',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+    label: 'Full name',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 221,
+    parentIndex: 211,
+    type: 'android.widget.EditText',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+    identifier: 'field-name',
+    label: 'review name',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 222,
+    parentIndex: 211,
+    type: 'android.widget.TextView',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+    label: 'Email',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 223,
+    parentIndex: 211,
+    type: 'android.widget.EditText',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+    identifier: 'field-email',
+    label: 'ada@example.com',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 224,
+    parentIndex: 211,
+    type: 'android.widget.TextView',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+    label: 'Phone',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 225,
+    parentIndex: 211,
+    type: 'android.widget.EditText',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+    identifier: 'field-phone',
+    label: '+48 555 010 010',
+  },
+  {
+    index: 226,
+    parentIndex: 211,
+    type: 'android.view.ViewGroup',
+    bundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab',
+    identifier: 'android-ime-capture-fixture',
+  },
+];
diff --git a/src/__tests__/test-utils/index.ts b/src/__tests__/test-utils/index.ts
index 56fd18592..e1bad8706 100644
--- a/src/__tests__/test-utils/index.ts
+++ b/src/__tests__/test-utils/index.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,11 @@ export {
 
 export { makeSnapshotState } from './snapshot-builders.ts';
 
+export {
+  rawFixtureToAndroidTree,
+  walkNonRawAndroidFixture,
+} from './android-ui-hierarchy-fixtures.ts';
+
 export { makeSessionStore } from './store-factory.ts';
 
 export { withNoColor } from './color.ts';
diff --git a/src/core/__tests__/snapshot-chrome-android-statusbar.test.ts b/src/core/__tests__/snapshot-chrome-android-statusbar.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b07479a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/__tests__/snapshot-chrome-android-statusbar.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+import { test } from 'vitest';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { attachRefs, type RawSnapshotNode, type SnapshotNode } from '../../kernel/snapshot.ts';
+import { collectSettleChromeRefs } from '../snapshot-chrome.ts';
+import {
+  ANDROID_IME_CAPTURE_RAW_NODES,
+  walkNonRawAndroidFixture,
+} from '../../__tests__/test-utils/android-ui-hierarchy-fixtures.ts';
+
+/**
+ * `ANDROID_IME_CAPTURE_RAW_NODES` (shared test util, see its own doc comment)
+ * is a real device `--raw` capture: `--raw` keeps every structural wrapper
+ * node (`status_bar_container`, `status_bar_contents`, ...) so the OLD
+ * prefix-only marker check finds them and drops the whole run.
+ *
+ * The default (non-raw) walk drops unlabeled/unidentified structural nodes
+ * (`shouldIncludeStructuralAndroidNode` in `platforms/android/ui-hierarchy.ts`),
+ * re-parenting their children upward — which silently removes every one of
+ * those marker-bearing wrappers AND several other anonymous structural nodes
+ * that have neither a hittable descendant nor meaningful text/id (a real
+ * `android.view.View` example is `com.android.systemui:id/home_handle`, see
+ * the nav-bar test below). `walkNonRawAndroidFixture` (shared test util) runs
+ * the fixture through the REAL `buildUiHierarchySnapshot({ raw: false })`
+ * walk instead of hand-simulating a subset of its drops, so every inclusion
+ * decision below is production's, not a guess at which nodes matter.
+ */
+
+function refForIdentifier(nodes: SnapshotNode[], identifier: string): string {
+  const node = nodes.find((candidate) => candidate.identifier === identifier);
+  assert.ok(node?.ref, `expected a node identified "${identifier}" with a ref`);
+  return node.ref;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Status-bar leaf identifiers that SURVIVE the real non-raw walk for this
+ * fixture (verified against `buildUiHierarchySnapshot({ raw: false })`
+ * directly). Several ids the naive prefix-only simulation used to assert
+ * (`notification_icon_area`, `notificationIcons`, `cutout_space_view`,
+ * `system_icons`, `statusIcons`, `mobile_group`, `wifi_combo`, `wifi_group`,
+ * `start_side_notif_and_chip_container`, `battery`) are unlabeled structural
+ * wrappers with a generic resource id and no hittable descendant: production
+ * `shouldIncludeStructuralAndroidNode` drops every one of them too, same as
+ * the `status_bar*`/`navigation_bar*` wrappers. Their content isn't lost —
+ * `battery`'s labeled child ("Battery 100 percent.") re-parents upward and is
+ * covered by the "every systemui-owned node is chrome" assertion below — but
+ * the WRAPPER identifier itself is gone from the walked tree, so it can't be
+ * looked up by id.
+ */
+const STATUS_BAR_LEAF_IDENTIFIERS = [
+  'com.android.systemui:id/clock',
+  'com.android.systemui:id/mobile_combo',
+  'com.android.systemui:id/mobile_signal',
+  'com.android.systemui:id/wifi_signal',
+];
+
+test('Android non-raw capture: status-bar leaves are recognized as chrome once their status_bar*/navigation_bar* marker wrapper is dropped by the walk (#1251)', () => {
+  const walkedNodes = walkNonRawAndroidFixture(ANDROID_IME_CAPTURE_RAW_NODES);
+  const nodes = attachRefs(walkedNodes);
+  const chromeRefs = collectSettleChromeRefs(nodes, 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab');
+
+  // None of the status_bar*/navigation_bar* WRAPPER identifiers survive the
+  // real walk at all — confirms the walk, not this test, is doing the drop.
+  for (const node of nodes) {
+    const identifier = node.identifier ?? '';
+    assert.equal(
+      identifier.startsWith('com.android.systemui:id/status_bar') ||
+        identifier.startsWith('com.android.systemui:id/navigation_bar'),
+      false,
+      `expected the walk to have dropped wrapper "${identifier}"`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  for (const identifier of STATUS_BAR_LEAF_IDENTIFIERS) {
+    assert.equal(
+      chromeRefs.has(refForIdentifier(nodes, identifier)),
+      true,
+      `expected ${identifier} to be classified as systemui chrome`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  // The whole systemui run drops together, including the anonymous Compose
+  // plumbing nodes above/around the leaves that carry no identifier at all
+  // (and the re-parented, now-anonymous battery leaf).
+  const systemUiRefs = nodes
+    .filter((node) => node.bundleId === 'com.android.systemui')
+    .map((node) => node.ref);
+  assert.equal(systemUiRefs.length > 0, true);
+  for (const ref of systemUiRefs) {
+    assert.equal(chromeRefs.has(ref), true, 'expected every systemui-owned node to be chrome');
+  }
+
+  // App fields and the IME keyboard, both real nodes from the same capture,
+  // are handled exactly as before: the checkout form stays fully visible and
+  // the IME keyboard is still classified as chrome in full.
+  assert.equal(chromeRefs.has(refForIdentifier(nodes, 'field-name')), false);
+  assert.equal(chromeRefs.has(refForIdentifier(nodes, 'field-email')), false);
+  assert.equal(chromeRefs.has(refForIdentifier(nodes, 'field-phone')), false);
+  const imeRefs = nodes
+    .filter((node) => node.bundleId === 'com.google.android.inputmethod.latin')
+    .map((node) => node.ref);
+  assert.equal(imeRefs.length > 0, true);
+  for (const ref of imeRefs) {
+    assert.equal(chromeRefs.has(ref), true, 'expected every IME-owned node to be chrome');
+  }
+});
+
+test('Android actionable systemui overlay (volume dialog) still survives with the status-bar leak fix (#1251)', () => {
+  // Extend the RAW capture with a disjoint systemui run whose leaf ids look
+  // like an actionable overlay (volume dialog): no real capture of that
+  // surface was available, but the point of this test is exactly that the
+  // new leaf-id set must NOT broaden to "any systemui id". Appended to the
+  // RAW array (not the already-walked output) so the whole tree — status bar
+  // AND volume dialog — goes through the real walk together, exactly as a
+  // single device capture would.
+  const rawWithVolumeDialog: RawSnapshotNode[] = [
+    ...ANDROID_IME_CAPTURE_RAW_NODES,
+    {
+      index: 9000,
+      type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+      bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+      identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/volume_dialog_container',
+    },
+    {
+      index: 9001,
+      parentIndex: 9000,
+      type: 'android.widget.ImageButton',
+      bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+      identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/volume_dialog_slider',
+      label: 'Media volume',
+      hittable: true,
+    },
+  ];
+  const nodes = attachRefs(walkNonRawAndroidFixture(rawWithVolumeDialog));
+  const chromeRefs = collectSettleChromeRefs(nodes, 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab');
+
+  // The container is non-hittable with a generic id, but its hittable
+  // `volume_dialog_slider` child keeps it in the walked tree (descendantHittable).
+  assert.equal(
+    chromeRefs.has(refForIdentifier(nodes, 'com.android.systemui:id/volume_dialog_container')),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    chromeRefs.has(refForIdentifier(nodes, 'com.android.systemui:id/volume_dialog_slider')),
+    false,
+  );
+  // The status-bar leak fix stays active in the very same tree.
+  assert.equal(chromeRefs.has(refForIdentifier(nodes, 'com.android.systemui:id/clock')), true);
+});
+
+/**
+ * Synthetic: the real capture (#1251) has no nav bar (gesture-nav device).
+ * `home_handle` is an `android.view.View` with a generic resource id, no
+ * label, and (unlike `volume_dialog_slider` above) is neither hittable nor
+ * home to a hittable descendant — production's `shouldIncludeStructuralAndroidNode`
+ * drops it before `collectSettleChromeRefs` ever runs, so it is simply ABSENT
+ * from the walked tree, not present-and-classified-as-chrome (the reviewer's
+ * exact test-validity finding on #1256: the old hand-simulation only stripped
+ * `status_bar*`/`navigation_bar*` wrappers and kept `home_handle` around to
+ * assert it as chrome, which the real walk never does).
+ */
+test('Android nav-bar leaves are recognized as chrome once their navigation_bar* marker wrapper is dropped (synthetic: the real capture has no nav bar, gesture-nav device) (#1251)', () => {
+  const rawNavBarNodes: RawSnapshotNode[] = [
+    { index: 0, type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout', bundleId: 'com.android.systemui' },
+    {
+      index: 1,
+      parentIndex: 0,
+      type: 'android.widget.FrameLayout',
+      bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+      identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/navigation_bar_frame',
+    },
+    {
+      index: 2,
+      parentIndex: 1,
+      type: 'android.widget.LinearLayout',
+      bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+      identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/nav_buttons',
+    },
+    {
+      index: 3,
+      parentIndex: 2,
+      type: 'android.widget.ImageView',
+      bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+      identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/back',
+      label: 'Back',
+    },
+    {
+      index: 4,
+      parentIndex: 2,
+      type: 'android.widget.ImageView',
+      bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+      identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/home',
+      label: 'Home',
+    },
+    {
+      index: 5,
+      parentIndex: 2,
+      type: 'android.widget.ImageView',
+      bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+      identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/recent_apps',
+      label: 'Overview',
+    },
+    {
+      // Unlabeled, non-hittable, generic-id `android.view.View`: the real
+      // walk drops this (no meaningful text/id, no hittable descendant),
+      // unlike `back`/`home`/`recent_apps` which carry a label.
+      index: 6,
+      parentIndex: 1,
+      type: 'android.view.View',
+      bundleId: 'com.android.systemui',
+      identifier: 'com.android.systemui:id/home_handle',
+    },
+  ];
+  const walkedNodes = walkNonRawAndroidFixture(rawNavBarNodes);
+  const nodes = attachRefs(walkedNodes);
+  const chromeRefs = collectSettleChromeRefs(nodes, 'com.example.app');
+
+  for (const identifier of [
+    'com.android.systemui:id/back',
+    'com.android.systemui:id/home',
+    'com.android.systemui:id/recent_apps',
+  ]) {
+    assert.equal(chromeRefs.has(refForIdentifier(nodes, identifier)), true, identifier);
+  }
+
+  // home_handle is DROPPED by the real walk (unlabeled, non-hittable, no
+  // hittable descendant, generic id) — it must be absent, not chrome-classified.
+  assert.equal(
+    walkedNodes.some((node) => node.identifier === 'com.android.systemui:id/home_handle'),
+    false,
+    'expected home_handle to be dropped by the real non-raw walk, not retained',
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/core/snapshot-chrome.ts b/src/core/snapshot-chrome.ts
index eb401a720..bd36af76f 100644
--- a/src/core/snapshot-chrome.ts
+++ b/src/core/snapshot-chrome.ts
@@ -212,8 +212,57 @@ const ANDROID_SYSTEM_CHROME_MARKER_PREFIXES = [
   'com.android.systemui:id/navigation_bar',
 ];
 
+/**
+ * Surviving status-bar/nav-bar LEAF ids (#1251). The non-raw Android walk
+ * (`walkUiHierarchyNode` in `platforms/android/ui-hierarchy.ts`) drops
+ * unlabeled/unidentified structural nodes via `shouldIncludeStructuralAndroidNode`,
+ * re-parenting their children upward — and that silently swallows every
+ * `status_bar*`/`navigation_bar*` WRAPPER node, i.e. the only nodes the prefix
+ * check above matches. A non-raw capture is left with just their labeled/
+ * identified LEAVES (clock, battery, wifi/mobile icons, nav buttons), whose
+ * own resource-ids carry no `status_bar`/`navigation_bar` prefix, so the run
+ * loses its marker and `collectAndroidSystemChromeRunIndexes` stops dropping
+ * it (verified against a real `--raw` vs. default capture pair of the same
+ * screen). Recognize those leaves directly, by EXACT id — not prefix, to stay
+ * tight: nothing here should ever swallow an actionable systemui overlay like
+ * the volume dialog or a media/output picker, which live under unrelated ids.
+ * `--raw` keeps the wrapper markers, so the prefix check above stays
+ * load-bearing there.
+ *
+ * A more robust fix would thread the AOSP window-type constants
+ * (`TYPE_STATUS_BAR` = 2000, `TYPE_NAVIGATION_BAR` = 2019) already parsed in
+ * `readNodeAttributes` (ui-hierarchy.ts) through to the output `SnapshotNode`
+ * and key off that instead of resource-ids — deferred until the id-based
+ * approach here proves insufficient.
+ */
+const ANDROID_SYSTEM_CHROME_MARKER_LEAF_IDS = new Set(
+  [
+    // status bar
+    'clock',
+    'battery',
+    'statusIcons',
+    'notificationIcons',
+    'notification_icon_area',
+    'system_icons',
+    'cutout_space_view',
+    'mobile_signal',
+    'mobile_combo',
+    'mobile_group',
+    'wifi_signal',
+    'wifi_combo',
+    'wifi_group',
+    'start_side_notif_and_chip_container',
+    // nav bar
+    'back',
+    'home',
+    'recent_apps',
+    'home_handle',
+  ].map((leaf) => `${ANDROID_SYSTEM_CHROME_PACKAGE}:id/${leaf}`),
+);
+
 function hasAndroidSystemChromeMarker(node: SnapshotNode): boolean {
   const identifier = node.identifier ?? '';
+  if (ANDROID_SYSTEM_CHROME_MARKER_LEAF_IDS.has(identifier)) return true;
   return ANDROID_SYSTEM_CHROME_MARKER_PREFIXES.some((prefix) => identifier.startsWith(prefix));
 }
 
diff --git a/src/daemon/handlers/__tests__/session-replay-divergence.test.ts b/src/daemon/handlers/__tests__/session-replay-divergence.test.ts
index 29e080475..9da29bb5b 100644
--- a/src/daemon/handlers/__tests__/session-replay-divergence.test.ts
+++ b/src/daemon/handlers/__tests__/session-replay-divergence.test.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,14 @@ vi.mock('../../../core/dispatch.ts', async (importOriginal) => {
 });
 
 import { dispatchCommand } from '../../../core/dispatch.ts';
-import { makeIosSession } from '../../../__tests__/test-utils/session-factories.ts';
+import {
+  makeAndroidSession,
+  makeIosSession,
+} from '../../../__tests__/test-utils/session-factories.ts';
+import {
+  ANDROID_IME_CAPTURE_RAW_NODES,
+  walkNonRawAndroidFixture,
+} from '../../../__tests__/test-utils/android-ui-hierarchy-fixtures.ts';
 import { SessionStore } from '../../session-store.ts';
 import { buildReplayFailureDivergence } from '../session-replay-divergence.ts';
 
@@ -174,6 +181,124 @@ test('buildReplayFailureDivergence excludes keyboard chrome from screen.refs and
   expect(screen.truncated).toBeUndefined();
 });
 
+// 25 unlabeled, non-interactive structural containers — the RN ViewGroup/
+// FrameLayout wrappers a full (non-interactive) divergence capture pulls in.
+// They carry refs but no identity and aren't tappable, and they sort ahead of
+// the actionable controls in document order, so without the meaningful-target
+// filter they consume the whole SCREEN_REF_CAPTURE_LIMIT and truncate the real
+// controls out (the same shape as the keyboard swamp, minus the chrome).
+function structuralNoiseNodes() {
+  const noise = Array.from({ length: 25 }, (_, i) => ({
+    index: 1 + i,
+    depth: 1,
+    parentIndex: 0,
+    type: 'Other',
+    rect: { x: 0, y: 10 * i, width: 402, height: 8 },
+  }));
+  const base = 1 + noise.length;
+  return [
+    {
+      index: 0,
+      depth: 0,
+      type: 'Application',
+      label: 'Checkout form',
+      rect: { x: 0, y: 0, width: 402, height: 874 },
+      hittable: true,
+    },
+    ...noise,
+    {
+      index: base,
+      depth: 1,
+      parentIndex: 0,
+      type: 'StaticText',
+      label: 'Full name',
+      rect: { x: 20, y: 300, width: 160, height: 20 },
+    },
+    {
+      index: base + 1,
+      depth: 1,
+      parentIndex: 0,
+      type: 'TextField',
+      value: 'ada@example.com',
+      rect: { x: 20, y: 330, width: 300, height: 44 },
+      hittable: true,
+    },
+    {
+      index: base + 2,
+      depth: 1,
+      parentIndex: 0,
+      type: 'Button',
+      label: 'Submit order',
+      identifier: 'submit-order',
+      rect: { x: 20, y: 400, width: 160, height: 44 },
+      hittable: true,
+    },
+    // Unlabeled but interactive — a bare icon button. `hittable` alone makes it a
+    // legitimate target, so it must survive even without any label/identifier.
+    {
+      index: base + 3,
+      depth: 1,
+      parentIndex: 0,
+      type: 'Button',
+      rect: { x: 340, y: 20, width: 44, height: 44 },
+      hittable: true,
+    },
+  ];
+}
+
+test('buildReplayFailureDivergence drops unlabeled non-interactive structural nodes so actionable controls surface within the cap', async () => {
+  const root = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'agent-device-replay-divergence-structural-'));
+  const sessionStore = new SessionStore(path.join(root, 'sessions'));
+  const sessionName = 'default';
+  sessionStore.set(sessionName, makeIosSession(sessionName, { appBundleId: 'com.example.app' }));
+
+  mockDispatchCommand.mockResolvedValue({
+    nodes: structuralNoiseNodes(),
+    truncated: false,
+    backend: 'xctest',
+  });
+
+  const action = {
+    ts: 0,
+    command: 'get',
+    positionals: ['text', 'label="Submit order RENAMED"'],
+    flags: {},
+    result: { selectorChain: ['label="Submit order RENAMED"'] },
+  };
+  const divergence = await buildReplayFailureDivergence({
+    error: { code: 'COMMAND_FAILED', message: 'target not found' },
+    action,
+    index: 0,
+    sourcePath: path.join(root, 'flow.ad'),
+    sourceLine: 1,
+    session: sessionStore.get(sessionName),
+    sessionName,
+    sessionStore,
+    logPath: path.join(root, 'daemon.log'),
+    responseLevel: 'default',
+    planActions: [action],
+    planDigest: 'test-plan-digest',
+  });
+
+  expect(divergence.screen.state).toBe('available');
+  const screen = divergence.screen as Extract<typeof divergence.screen, { state: 'available' }>;
+  // The 25 structural wrappers no longer consume the cap, so the actionable
+  // controls — which sorted after them and were truncated out before — surface.
+  expect(screen.refs.some((ref) => ref.label === 'Submit order')).toBe(true);
+  expect(screen.refs.some((ref) => ref.label === 'Full name')).toBe(true);
+  expect(screen.refs.some((ref) => ref.label === 'ada@example.com')).toBe(true);
+  // An unlabeled-but-hittable control is still a valid target.
+  expect(screen.refs.some((ref) => !ref.label && ref.role.toLowerCase().includes('button'))).toBe(
+    true,
+  );
+  // No unlabeled, non-interactive structural container leaks into the ref list.
+  expect(
+    screen.refs.every(
+      (ref) => ref.label !== undefined || ref.role.toLowerCase().includes('button'),
+    ),
+  ).toBe(true);
+});
+
 // Same live-shape keyboard window, but the app hosts an inputAccessoryView
 // toolbar (a "Send" button) as a bar ABOVE the keys inside the keyboard
 // window. The keys are still chrome; the app-owned accessory control must NOT
@@ -276,3 +401,73 @@ test('buildReplayFailureDivergence keeps an app inputAccessoryView control in sc
   // The app's accessory "Send" button survives and is available to heal against.
   expect(screen.refs.some((ref) => ref.label === 'Send')).toBe(true);
 });
+
+// Android target-binding divergence route (#1256 test-validity fix): every
+// other test in this file uses an iOS session with hand-picked mock nodes,
+// which never exercises Android's status-bar/IME chrome classification. This
+// test uses an ANDROID session instead, and — since `dispatchCommand` here is
+// mocked (this handler's own capture step, `captureDivergenceObservation`,
+// calls it downstream of the on-device Android walk, which cannot run inside
+// a unit test) — feeds the mock the output of the REAL non-raw Android walk
+// (`walkNonRawAndroidFixture`, `buildUiHierarchySnapshot({ raw: false })`)
+// over the same real-device capture used in
+// `core/__tests__/snapshot-chrome-android-statusbar.test.ts`. That means the
+// walk's own inclusion/drop decisions are exercised for real; only the
+// on-device transport that produces the pre-walk raw tree is stubbed.
+test('buildReplayFailureDivergence excludes Android status-bar/IME chrome from screen.refs on a real (walked) non-raw capture', async () => {
+  const root = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'agent-device-replay-divergence-android-'));
+  const sessionStore = new SessionStore(path.join(root, 'sessions'));
+  const sessionName = 'default';
+  sessionStore.set(
+    sessionName,
+    makeAndroidSession(sessionName, { appBundleId: 'com.callstack.agentdevicelab' }),
+  );
+
+  mockDispatchCommand.mockResolvedValue({
+    nodes: walkNonRawAndroidFixture(ANDROID_IME_CAPTURE_RAW_NODES),
+    truncated: false,
+    backend: 'android',
+  });
+
+  const action = {
+    ts: 0,
+    command: 'get',
+    positionals: ['text', 'label="Full name RENAMED"'],
+    flags: {},
+    result: { selectorChain: ['label="Full name RENAMED"'] },
+  };
+  const divergence = await buildReplayFailureDivergence({
+    error: { code: 'COMMAND_FAILED', message: 'target not found' },
+    action,
+    index: 0,
+    sourcePath: path.join(root, 'flow.ad'),
+    sourceLine: 1,
+    session: sessionStore.get(sessionName),
+    sessionName,
+    sessionStore,
+    logPath: path.join(root, 'daemon.log'),
+    responseLevel: 'default',
+    planActions: [action],
+    planDigest: 'test-plan-digest',
+  });
+
+  expect(divergence.screen.state).toBe('available');
+  const screen = divergence.screen as Extract<typeof divergence.screen, { state: 'available' }>;
+
+  // No status-bar/mobile/wifi systemui chrome, nor IME keys, leak into the ref
+  // budget — the exact same classification as the chrome-unit test, now
+  // exercised through the real divergence route.
+  expect(screen.refs.some((ref) => ref.label === '7:03')).toBe(false); // clock
+  expect(screen.refs.some((ref) => ref.label === 'T-Mobile, signal full.')).toBe(false); // mobile_combo
+  expect(screen.refs.some((ref) => ref.label === 'Wifi signal full.')).toBe(false); // wifi_signal
+  expect(screen.refs.some((ref) => ref.label === 'Shift')).toBe(false); // IME key
+  expect(screen.refs.some((ref) => ref.label === 'Space')).toBe(false); // IME key
+  expect(screen.refs.some((ref) => ref.label === 'Use voice typing')).toBe(false); // IME key
+
+  // The app's own controls, real nodes from the same capture, stay visible.
+  expect(screen.refs.some((ref) => ref.label === 'Checkout form')).toBe(true);
+  expect(screen.refs.some((ref) => ref.label === 'review name')).toBe(true); // field-name
+  expect(screen.refs.some((ref) => ref.label === 'ada@example.com')).toBe(true); // field-email
+  expect(screen.refs.some((ref) => ref.label === '+48 555 010 010')).toBe(true); // field-phone
+  expect(screen.truncated).toBeUndefined();
+});
diff --git a/src/daemon/handlers/session-replay-divergence.ts b/src/daemon/handlers/session-replay-divergence.ts
index c9c076d5d..7278a3ce0 100644
--- a/src/daemon/handlers/session-replay-divergence.ts
+++ b/src/daemon/handlers/session-replay-divergence.ts
@@ -274,6 +274,21 @@ export function buildDivergenceScreen(
 // by boundReplayDivergence/applyReplayDivergenceLevelCaps.
 const SCREEN_REF_CAPTURE_LIMIT = 20;
 
+/**
+ * A divergence `screen.ref` is only useful if an agent could actually re-target
+ * it: it must be identifiable (a display label / value / non-generic identifier)
+ * or interactive (`hittable`). The `get`/`is`/`wait` divergence uses a full
+ * (non-interactive) capture so static-text targets survive, but that also pulls
+ * in unlabeled structural containers — ViewGroups / ComposeViews that carry a
+ * ref yet no identity and aren't tappable. Those are never valid repair targets,
+ * and on deeply-nested RN trees they would otherwise consume the
+ * `SCREEN_REF_CAPTURE_LIMIT` budget ahead of the actionable controls (and the
+ * app content the excluded status/nav chrome just freed room for).
+ */
+function isMeaningfulDivergenceTarget(node: SnapshotNode): boolean {
+  return Boolean(displayLabel(node, formatRole(node.type ?? 'Element'))) || node.hittable === true;
+}
+
 function buildReplayDivergenceScreenRefs(
   nodes: SnapshotNode[],
   sanitize: DivergenceFieldSanitizer,
@@ -287,7 +302,11 @@ function buildReplayDivergenceScreenRefs(
   // rather than a second keyboard/IME node-type list.
   const chromeRefs = collectSettleChromeRefs(nodes, appBundleId);
   const candidates = nodes.filter(
-    (node) => node.ref && node.interactionBlocked !== 'covered' && !chromeRefs.has(node.ref),
+    (node) =>
+      node.ref &&
+      node.interactionBlocked !== 'covered' &&
+      !chromeRefs.has(node.ref) &&
+      isMeaningfulDivergenceTarget(node),
   );
   const refs = candidates.slice(0, SCREEN_REF_CAPTURE_LIMIT).map((node) => {
     const role = formatRole(node.type ?? 'Element');