From aacf30889e27a7ddb231eac3387d3235994efe16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Scholer <ascholer@chemeket.edu>
Date: Wed, 5 Aug 2026 12:41:58 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1/4] LTI1p3: add instructorTriggered param to
 attempt_lti1p3_score_updates

---
 components/rsptx/lti1p3/core.py               | 54 +++++++++++++++---
 .../rsptx/lti1p3/test_score_updates.py        | 55 +++++++++++++++----
 2 files changed, 91 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/components/rsptx/lti1p3/core.py b/components/rsptx/lti1p3/core.py
index 76c9b84c5..cd6cd26d2 100644
--- a/components/rsptx/lti1p3/core.py
+++ b/components/rsptx/lti1p3/core.py
@@ -93,13 +93,33 @@ def time_now() -> str:
     """
     Get current time formatted the way LTI spec expects it.
     """
-    return (
-        datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc).isoformat().replace("+00:00", "Z")
-    )
+    return _format_lti_timestamp(datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc))
+
+
+def _format_lti_timestamp(value: datetime.datetime) -> str:
+    if value.tzinfo is None:
+        value = value.replace(tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
+    else:
+        value = value.astimezone(datetime.timezone.utc)
+    return value.isoformat().replace("+00:00", "Z")
+
+
+def _submitted_at_for_score(
+    rs_assignment: Assignment, score_timestamp: str, instructorTriggered: bool
+) -> str:
+    if not instructorTriggered:
+        return score_timestamp
+    if rs_assignment.duedate is None:
+        return score_timestamp
+    return _format_lti_timestamp(rs_assignment.duedate - datetime.timedelta(minutes=1))
 
 
 async def attempt_lti1p3_score_update(
-    rs_user_id: int, rs_assign_id: int, score: float, force: bool = False
+    rs_user_id: int,
+    rs_assign_id: int,
+    score: float,
+    force: bool = False,
+    instructorTriggered: bool = False,
 ):
     """
     Attempt to send a score update to any linked LTI 1.3 tools for a given user and assignment.
@@ -109,6 +129,7 @@ async def attempt_lti1p3_score_update(
     :param rs_assign_id: The Runestone assignment id
     :param score: The score to send
     :param force: If True, will send the score even if the grades are not yet released in RS or the course is set to not auto-update grades
+    :param instructorTriggered: If True, report submission.submittedAt as just before the assignment deadline.
     """
     rslogger.debug("LTI1p3 - attempt_lti1p3_score_update")
     lti_assign = await fetch_lti1p3_grading_data_for_assignment(rs_assign_id)
@@ -120,17 +141,23 @@ async def attempt_lti1p3_score_update(
         (await fetch_lti1p3_user(rs_user_id, lti_assign.lti1p3_course.id), score)
     ]
     await _send_lti1p3_score_updates(
-        lti_assign=lti_assign, updates=updates, force=force
+        lti_assign=lti_assign,
+        updates=updates,
+        force=force,
+        instructorTriggered=instructorTriggered,
     )
 
 
-async def attempt_lti1p3_score_updates(rs_assign_id: int, force: bool = False):
+async def attempt_lti1p3_score_updates(
+    rs_assign_id: int, force: bool = False, instructorTriggered: bool = False
+):
     """
     Attempt to send a score update to any linked LTI 1.3 tools for a given assignment.
     Will return early if no LTI 1.3 data is found for the assignment.
 
     :param rs_assign_id: The Runestone assignment id
     :param force: If True, will send the score even if the grades are not yet released in RS or the course is set to not auto-update grades
+    :param instructorTriggered: If True, report submission.submittedAt as just before the assignment deadline.
     """
     rslogger.debug("LTI1p3 - attempt_lti1p3_score_updates")
     lti_assign = await fetch_lti1p3_grading_data_for_assignment(rs_assign_id)
@@ -148,7 +175,10 @@ async def attempt_lti1p3_score_updates(rs_assign_id: int, force: bool = False):
 
     # updates = [(u, grades_dict.get(u.rs_user_id)) for u in all_users if u.rs_user_id in grades_dict]
     await _send_lti1p3_score_updates(
-        lti_assign=lti_assign, updates=updates, force=force
+        lti_assign=lti_assign,
+        updates=updates,
+        force=force,
+        instructorTriggered=instructorTriggered,
     )
 
 
@@ -156,6 +186,7 @@ async def _send_lti1p3_score_updates(
     lti_assign: Lti1p3Assignment,
     updates: List[Tuple[Lti1p3User, int]],
     force: bool = False,
+    instructorTriggered: bool = False,
 ):
     """
     Attempt to send a set of 1+ updates to any linked LTI 1.3 tools for a given assignment.
@@ -163,6 +194,7 @@ async def _send_lti1p3_score_updates(
     :param lti_assign: The Lti1p3Assignment object - must have the LTI 1.3 course and rs assignment linked. LTIcourse should have rs_course and lti_config linked.
     :param updates: List of tuples (Lti1p3User, score) to send
     :param force: If True, will send the score even if the grades are not yet released in RS or the course is set to not auto-update grades
+    :param instructorTriggered: If True, set submission.submittedAt just before the assignment deadline so LMS late policies don't mark instructor-entered grades late.
     """
     rslogger.debug(f"LTI1p3 - _send_lti1p3_score_updates {updates}")
 
@@ -263,15 +295,21 @@ async def _send_lti1p3_score_updates(
                     score = max_score
 
                 # Send the grade
+                score_timestamp = time_now()
+                submitted_at = _submitted_at_for_score(
+                    rs_assignment, score_timestamp, instructorTriggered
+                )
                 g = (
                     Grade()
                     .set_score_given(score)
                     .set_score_maximum(max_score)
                     .set_user_id(lti_user.lti_user_id)
-                    .set_timestamp(time_now())
+                    .set_timestamp(score_timestamp)
                     .set_activity_progress("Completed")
                     .set_grading_progress("FullyGraded")
+                    .set_extra_claims({"submission": {"submittedAt": submitted_at}})
                 )
+                print(f"-----------Grade to be sent: {g.__dict__}")
                 try:
                     _ = await ags.put_grade(g, line_item)
                 except Exception as e:
diff --git a/test/components/rsptx/lti1p3/test_score_updates.py b/test/components/rsptx/lti1p3/test_score_updates.py
index d2c3a471a..68a1fb403 100644
--- a/test/components/rsptx/lti1p3/test_score_updates.py
+++ b/test/components/rsptx/lti1p3/test_score_updates.py
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 assignment's points (which the LMS rejects with a 422).
 """
 
+import datetime
+import json
 from types import SimpleNamespace
 from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
 
@@ -21,10 +23,10 @@ def _lti_user(rs_user_id=1, lti_user_id="lms-user-1"):
     return SimpleNamespace(rs_user_id=rs_user_id, lti_user_id=lti_user_id)
 
 
-def _lti_assign(points=10, released=True):
+def _lti_assign(points=10, released=True, duedate=None):
     rs_course = SimpleNamespace(id=1, course_name="course1", timezone="UTC")
     rs_assignment = SimpleNamespace(
-        id=7, name="Homework 1", duedate=None, points=points, released=released
+        id=7, name="Homework 1", duedate=duedate, points=points, released=released
     )
     return SimpleNamespace(
         lti_lineitem_id="https://lms.example/lineitems/1",
@@ -35,7 +37,13 @@ def _lti_assign(points=10, released=True):
     )
 
 
-async def _send(updates, lti_assign=None, show_points="true"):
+async def _send(
+    updates,
+    lti_assign=None,
+    show_points="true",
+    return_payloads=False,
+    instructorTriggered=False,
+):
     """Drive _send_lti1p3_score_updates and report the grades it sent.
 
     Returns the list of (user_id, score_given, score_maximum) actually handed to
@@ -45,13 +53,16 @@ async def _send(updates, lti_assign=None, show_points="true"):
     sent = []
 
     async def fake_put_grade(grade, line_item):
-        sent.append(
-            (
-                grade.get_user_id(),
-                grade.get_score_given(),
-                grade.get_score_maximum(),
+        if return_payloads:
+            sent.append(json.loads(grade.get_value()))
+        else:
+            sent.append(
+                (
+                    grade.get_user_id(),
+                    grade.get_score_given(),
+                    grade.get_score_maximum(),
+                )
             )
-        )
         return {}
 
     ags = MagicMock()
@@ -69,11 +80,35 @@ async def fake_put_grade(grade, line_item):
         patch.object(core, "ServiceConnector"),
         patch.object(core, "AssignmentsGradesService", return_value=ags),
     ):
-        await core._send_lti1p3_score_updates(lti_assign, updates)
+        await core._send_lti1p3_score_updates(
+            lti_assign, updates, instructorTriggered=instructorTriggered
+        )
 
     return sent
 
 
+async def test_instructor_triggered_score_sets_submitted_at_before_deadline():
+    duedate = datetime.datetime(2026, 1, 2, 12, 0, 0)
+
+    sent = await _send(
+        [(_lti_user(), 5)],
+        lti_assign=_lti_assign(duedate=duedate),
+        return_payloads=True,
+        instructorTriggered=True,
+    )
+
+    assert sent[0]["submission"] == {"submittedAt": "2026-01-02T11:59:00Z"}
+
+
+async def test_student_triggered_score_sets_submitted_at_to_timestamp():
+    sent = await _send(
+        [(_lti_user(), 5)],
+        return_payloads=True,
+    )
+
+    assert sent[0]["submission"] == {"submittedAt": sent[0]["timestamp"]}
+
+
 async def test_a_user_with_no_lti_mapping_is_skipped_not_fatal():
     """fetch_lti1p3_user returns None for a student who never launched through
     the LMS. That used to raise and abandon everyone after them in the batch."""

From b408f4730b0435a64f2c17faf9cee6f1e61b5969 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Scholer <ascholer@chemeket.edu>
Date: Wed, 5 Aug 2026 12:43:50 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2/4] Add instructorTriggered flag to call paths triggered by
 instructor action

---
 .../assignment_server_api/routers/grader.py   | 27 +++++++++++++++----
 bases/rsptx/rsmanage/core.py                  |  7 ++++-
 .../runestone/controllers/admin.py            |  8 ++++--
 .../runestone/controllers/assignments.py      |  2 +-
 .../runestone/modules/rs_grading.py           | 10 +++++--
 components/rsptx/grading_helpers/regrade.py   | 20 +++++++++++---
 .../grading_helpers/test_regrade_batch.py     | 13 +++++++++
 7 files changed, 73 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/bases/rsptx/assignment_server_api/routers/grader.py b/bases/rsptx/assignment_server_api/routers/grader.py
index 5c8b1e849..e866cee47 100644
--- a/bases/rsptx/assignment_server_api/routers/grader.py
+++ b/bases/rsptx/assignment_server_api/routers/grader.py
@@ -653,7 +653,9 @@ async def upsert_grade(
     recomputed = []
     for assignment in await _assignments_to_recompute(course, payload):
         try:
-            await recompute_totals_for(course, assignment, [payload.sid])
+            await recompute_totals_for(
+                course, assignment, [payload.sid], instructorTriggered=True
+            )
             recomputed.append(assignment.id)
         except Exception as e:  # pragma: no cover - defensive
             # A failed roll-up must not lose the grade the instructor just typed.
@@ -766,7 +768,13 @@ async def regrade_run(
         which_to_grade_override=payload.which_to_grade_override,
     )
     report = await regrade_batch(
-        course, sids, questions, assignment, options, dry_run=False
+        course,
+        sids,
+        questions,
+        assignment,
+        options,
+        dry_run=False,
+        instructorTriggered=True,
     )
     rslogger.info(
         f"Regrade run by {user.username} assignment={assignment.id} "
@@ -802,7 +810,9 @@ async def recompute_totals(
     }
     sids = [s for s in payload.sids if s not in instructor_ids]
 
-    processed = await recompute_totals_for(course, assignment, sids)
+    processed = await recompute_totals_for(
+        course, assignment, sids, instructorTriggered=True
+    )
     rslogger.info(
         f"Recompute totals by {user.username} assignment={assignment.id} "
         f"students={processed}"
@@ -930,7 +940,12 @@ async def set_manual_assignment_total(
         grade = await set_manual_total(
             student.id, assignment.id, course.course_name, payload.score, True
         )
-        await attempt_lti1p3_score_update(student.id, assignment.id, payload.score)
+        await attempt_lti1p3_score_update(
+            student.id,
+            assignment.id,
+            payload.score,
+            instructorTriggered=True,
+        )
         rslogger.info(
             f"Manual total set by {user.username} assignment={assignment.id} "
             f"sid={payload.sid} score={payload.score}"
@@ -950,7 +965,9 @@ async def set_manual_assignment_total(
     await set_manual_total(
         student.id, assignment.id, course.course_name, preserved, False
     )
-    await recompute_totals_for(course, assignment, [payload.sid])
+    await recompute_totals_for(
+        course, assignment, [payload.sid], instructorTriggered=True
+    )
     recomputed = await fetch_grade(student.id, assignment.id)
     rslogger.info(
         f"Manual total reverted by {user.username} assignment={assignment.id} "
diff --git a/bases/rsptx/rsmanage/core.py b/bases/rsptx/rsmanage/core.py
index 68a8e9ce8..31082477f 100644
--- a/bases/rsptx/rsmanage/core.py
+++ b/bases/rsptx/rsmanage/core.py
@@ -1157,7 +1157,12 @@ async def fixtotals(
         for a in assignments:
             assignments_scanned += 1
             changes = await recompute_totals_detail(
-                c, a, sids, dry_run=dry_run, only_existing=not create_missing
+                c,
+                a,
+                sids,
+                dry_run=dry_run,
+                only_existing=not create_missing,
+                instructorTriggered=True,
             )
             students_scanned += len(changes)
             total_manual += sum(1 for ch in changes if ch.skipped_manual)
diff --git a/bases/rsptx/web2py_server/applications/runestone/controllers/admin.py b/bases/rsptx/web2py_server/applications/runestone/controllers/admin.py
index 20c54eb30..433533532 100644
--- a/bases/rsptx/web2py_server/applications/runestone/controllers/admin.py
+++ b/bases/rsptx/web2py_server/applications/runestone/controllers/admin.py
@@ -1272,7 +1272,9 @@ def releasegrades():
         if lti_method == "1.3":
             # need force... released still somehow shows as false in DB
             asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(
-                attempt_lti1p3_score_updates(int(assignmentid), force=True)
+                attempt_lti1p3_score_updates(
+                    int(assignmentid), force=True, instructorTriggered=True
+                )
             )
         if lti_method == "1.1":
             assignment = _get_assignment(assignmentid)
@@ -1303,7 +1305,9 @@ def push_lti_grades():
     )
     if lti_method == "1.3":
         asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(
-            attempt_lti1p3_score_updates(int(assignmentid), force=True)
+            attempt_lti1p3_score_updates(
+                int(assignmentid), force=True, instructorTriggered=True
+            )
         )
     if lti_method == "1.1":
         assignment = _get_assignment(assignmentid)
diff --git a/bases/rsptx/web2py_server/applications/runestone/controllers/assignments.py b/bases/rsptx/web2py_server/applications/runestone/controllers/assignments.py
index fa52920f5..5c6ed4dfe 100644
--- a/bases/rsptx/web2py_server/applications/runestone/controllers/assignments.py
+++ b/bases/rsptx/web2py_server/applications/runestone/controllers/assignments.py
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ def send_assignment_score_via_LTI():
         .first()
     )
     student_row = db((db.auth_user.username == sid)).select(db.auth_user.id).first()
-    _try_to_send_lti_grade(student_row.id, assignment.id)
+    _try_to_send_lti_grade(student_row.id, assignment.id, instructorTriggered=True)
     return json.dumps({"success": True})
 
 
diff --git a/bases/rsptx/web2py_server/applications/runestone/modules/rs_grading.py b/bases/rsptx/web2py_server/applications/runestone/modules/rs_grading.py
index 800caec86..67fcbc4be 100644
--- a/bases/rsptx/web2py_server/applications/runestone/modules/rs_grading.py
+++ b/bases/rsptx/web2py_server/applications/runestone/modules/rs_grading.py
@@ -1247,7 +1247,9 @@ def _get_lti_record_for_course(course_id):
 
 
 # Sends LTI 1.1 or 1.3 as appropriate
-def _try_to_send_lti_grade(student_row_num, assignment_id, force=False):
+def _try_to_send_lti_grade(
+    student_row_num, assignment_id, force=False, instructorTriggered=False
+):
     assignment = (
         current.db((current.db.assignments.id == assignment_id)).select().first()
     )
@@ -1280,7 +1282,11 @@ def _try_to_send_lti_grade(student_row_num, assignment_id, force=False):
     if lti_method == "1.3":
         asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(
             attempt_lti1p3_score_update(
-                student_row_num, assignment.id, grade.score, force=force
+                student_row_num,
+                assignment.id,
+                grade.score,
+                force=force,
+                instructorTriggered=instructorTriggered,
             )
         )
     if lti_method == "1.1":
diff --git a/components/rsptx/grading_helpers/regrade.py b/components/rsptx/grading_helpers/regrade.py
index ca5abc02f..89490f6ab 100644
--- a/components/rsptx/grading_helpers/regrade.py
+++ b/components/rsptx/grading_helpers/regrade.py
@@ -315,6 +315,7 @@ async def _recompute_total_for_user(
     course_name: str,
     dry_run: bool = False,
     only_existing: bool = False,
+    instructorTriggered: bool = False,
 ) -> TotalChange:
     """Roll the student's ``question_grades`` up into their ``grades`` row.
 
@@ -370,7 +371,9 @@ async def _recompute_total_for_user(
             manual_total=False,
         )
     await upsert_grade(new_grade)
-    await attempt_lti1p3_score_update(user.id, assignment.id, total)
+    await attempt_lti1p3_score_update(
+        user.id, assignment.id, total, instructorTriggered=instructorTriggered
+    )
     return change
 
 
@@ -380,6 +383,7 @@ async def recompute_totals_detail(
     sids: Optional[List[str]] = None,
     dry_run: bool = False,
     only_existing: bool = False,
+    instructorTriggered: bool = False,
 ) -> List[TotalChange]:
     """Recompute assignment totals for the given students and report what moved.
 
@@ -407,6 +411,7 @@ async def recompute_totals_detail(
                     course.course_name,
                     dry_run=dry_run,
                     only_existing=only_existing,
+                    instructorTriggered=instructorTriggered,
                 )
             )
         except Exception as e:  # pragma: no cover - defensive
@@ -418,6 +423,7 @@ async def recompute_totals_for(
     course: CoursesValidator,
     assignment: AssignmentValidator,
     sids: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+    instructorTriggered: bool = False,
 ) -> int:
     """Recompute assignment totals (and push LTI 1.3 scores) for the given
     students. When ``sids`` is empty/None every student in the course is
@@ -426,7 +432,11 @@ async def recompute_totals_for(
     This is used by the manual multi-grade flow, where individual grades are
     written through ``POST /grade`` (which does not itself recompute totals).
     """
-    return len(await recompute_totals_detail(course, assignment, sids))
+    return len(
+        await recompute_totals_detail(
+            course, assignment, sids, instructorTriggered=instructorTriggered
+        )
+    )
 
 
 async def regrade_batch(
@@ -436,6 +446,7 @@ async def regrade_batch(
     assignment: AssignmentValidator,
     options: RegradeOptions,
     dry_run: bool = False,
+    instructorTriggered: bool = False,
 ) -> RegradeReport:
     """Run a re-grade over the student x question matrix.
 
@@ -481,7 +492,10 @@ async def regrade_batch(
             if user is not None:
                 try:
                     await _recompute_total_for_user(
-                        user, assignment, course.course_name
+                        user,
+                        assignment,
+                        course.course_name,
+                        instructorTriggered=instructorTriggered,
                     )
                 except Exception as e:  # pragma: no cover - defensive
                     rslogger.error(f"recompute totals failed sid={sid}: {e}")
diff --git a/test/components/rsptx/grading_helpers/test_regrade_batch.py b/test/components/rsptx/grading_helpers/test_regrade_batch.py
index ed8ac517e..ff670df8b 100644
--- a/test/components/rsptx/grading_helpers/test_regrade_batch.py
+++ b/test/components/rsptx/grading_helpers/test_regrade_batch.py
@@ -161,6 +161,7 @@ async def test_rollup_uses_the_graded_course():
     assert fetch_scores.await_args.args == (assignment.id, "testcourse", "student1")
     assert upsert.await_args.args[0].score == 7.0
     assert lti.await_args.args[2] == 7.0
+    assert lti.await_args.kwargs == {"instructorTriggered": False}
 
 
 # _effective_deadline
@@ -324,6 +325,18 @@ async def test_recompute_totals_for_still_returns_the_processed_count():
     assert processed == 1
 
 
+async def test_recompute_totals_for_forwards_instructor_triggered_flag():
+    fu, fg, fs, up, lti = _patch_rollup(
+        SimpleNamespace(score=0, manual_total=False), [5]
+    )
+    with fu, fg, fs, up, lti as lti_mock:
+        await regrade.recompute_totals_for(
+            _course(), _assignment(), ["student1"], instructorTriggered=True
+        )
+
+    assert lti_mock.await_args.kwargs == {"instructorTriggered": True}
+
+
 async def test_only_existing_skips_students_with_no_grade_row():
     """A bulk repair should not materialise a 0 for a student who never had a
     total -- that would push a fresh zero to the LMS for a non-submitter."""

From 78f40414b5357913fef32ff0d30091fa0394ef22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Scholer <ascholer@chemeket.edu>
Date: Wed, 5 Aug 2026 12:48:36 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3/4] LTI1p3 remove out of date documentation

---
 components/rsptx/lti1p3/core.py | 25 -------------------------
 1 file changed, 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/components/rsptx/lti1p3/core.py b/components/rsptx/lti1p3/core.py
index cd6cd26d2..2310d632f 100644
--- a/components/rsptx/lti1p3/core.py
+++ b/components/rsptx/lti1p3/core.py
@@ -20,31 +20,6 @@
 from rsptx.lti1p3.pylti1p3.service_connector import ServiceConnector
 from rsptx.lti1p3.pylti1p3.assignments_grades import AssignmentsGradesService
 
-# ================================
-# Notes re LTI 1.3 Implementation
-# ================================
-#
-# Pathways for grades to get sent to LTI 1.3 platforms:
-# 1. User does activity in book
-#    - grade_submission or score_reading_page call compute_total_score
-#    - compute_total_score calls attempt_lti1p3_score_update
-#    - scores are not pushed if assignment is not released
-# 2. Instructor releases grades in grading interface
-#    - api call made to /runestone/admin/releasegrades
-#    - releasegrades calls attempt_lti1p3_score_updates if the grades are now released
-# 3. Instructor presses send lti grades in grading interface
-#    - api call made to /runestone/admin/push_lti_grades
-#    - push_lti_grades calls attempt_lti1p3_score_updates
-# 4. One of the following:
-#    - Relase Grade to LTI button pressed in LTI_ONLY mode
-#    - Assignment launched
-#    - peer.py send_lti_scores is called
-#    - Student hits calculate self grade button on assignment
-#    They call _try_to_send_lti_grade
-#    - _try_to_send_lti_grade calls attempt_lti1p3_score_update if is 1.3
-
-# ================================
-
 
 def get_assignment_score_resource_id(course, assignment):
     """

From 0328dede9bcf214acc0959decd93ec8ea6b47849 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Scholer <ascholer@chemeket.edu>
Date: Wed, 5 Aug 2026 12:59:28 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 4/4] LTI1p3 raise exception for invalid user info

---
 bases/rsptx/admin_server_api/routers/lti1p3.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/bases/rsptx/admin_server_api/routers/lti1p3.py b/bases/rsptx/admin_server_api/routers/lti1p3.py
index aa679ce66..19240e24e 100644
--- a/bases/rsptx/admin_server_api/routers/lti1p3.py
+++ b/bases/rsptx/admin_server_api/routers/lti1p3.py
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ async def login_or_create_user(
             user = await create_user(new_user)
             rslogger.info(f"LTI1p3 - Created {user.username} ({user.id})")
         except Exception as e:
-            HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=f"Error creating user '{e}'")
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=f"Error creating user '{e}'")
     else:
         # have user, make sure their course_id/course_name are updated
         await update_user(