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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="dark" lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport" />
<title>Python Cheat Sheet · The Digital Broadsheet</title>
<script src="https://cdn.tailwindcss.com?plugins=forms,container-queries"></script>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Newsreader:opsz,wght@6..72,400;6..72,500;6..72,600;6..72,700;6..72,800&family=Inter:wght@400;500;600&family=Space+Grotesk:wght@400;600&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:wght,FILL@100..700,0..1&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" />
<style>
body {
background-color: #131313;
color: #e5e2e1;
scroll-behavior: smooth;
}
.material-symbols-outlined {
font-variation-settings: 'FILL' 0, 'wght' 400, 'GRAD' 0, 'opsz' 24;
}
.double-underline {
border-bottom: 4px double #ffd43b;
}
pre {
scrollbar-width: thin;
scrollbar-color: #4d4633 transparent;
}
/* Global Cursor Fix — Tailwind reset strips default pointer */
button, a, [onclick], [role="button"], .search-result-item, .settings-toggle-btn, .settings-action-btn, .sidebar-link {
cursor: pointer !important;
}
/* Custom syntax highlighting */
.kw { color: #ffd43b; font-weight: 600; } /* keywords */
.st { color: #a9d293; } /* strings */
.cm { color: #636366; font-style: italic; } /* comments */
.nm { color: #ecc228; } /* numbers */
.op { color: #999079; } /* operators */
.fn { color: #62d6e3; } /* functions */
.cl { color: #f19ad2; } /* classes/types */
/* Table Styles */
.ref-table { border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; }
.ref-table th { color: #ffd43b; font-family: 'Space Grotesk', sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 10px; letter-spacing: 0.1em; padding: 12px 8px; text-align: left; border-bottom: 1px solid #292524; }
.ref-table td { padding: 10px 8px; font-size: 13px; border-bottom: 1px solid #1c1917; vertical-align: top; }
.ref-table tr:last-child td { border-bottom: none; }
/* Layout Fixes */
.main-content {
max-width: 100%;
overflow-x: hidden;
}
/* Sidebar slide-out */
.sidebar-overlay {
opacity: 0;
pointer-events: none;
transition: opacity 0.3s ease;
}
.sidebar-overlay.active {
opacity: 1;
pointer-events: auto;
}
.sidebar-panel {
transform: translateX(-100%);
transition: transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
}
.sidebar-panel.active {
transform: translateX(0);
}
/* Search Panel */
.search-overlay { position:fixed; inset:0; background:rgba(0,0,0,0.6); backdrop-filter:blur(4px); z-index:60; opacity:0; pointer-events:none; transition:opacity 0.3s ease; }
.search-overlay.active { opacity:1; pointer-events:auto; }
.search-panel { position:fixed; top:80px; left:0; right:0; background:#0e0e0e; border-bottom:1px solid #292524; z-index:61; transform:translateY(-100%); opacity:0; pointer-events:none; visibility:hidden; transition:transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4,0,0.2,1), opacity 0.3s ease; padding:24px; }
.search-panel.active { transform:translateY(0); opacity:1; pointer-events:auto; visibility:visible; }
.search-input { width:100%; background:transparent; border:none; border-bottom:2px solid #ffd43b; color:#e5e2e1; font-family:'Space Grotesk',sans-serif; font-size:18px; padding:12px 0; outline:none; }
.search-input::placeholder { color:#636366; }
.search-results { margin-top:16px; max-height:300px; overflow-y:auto; }
.search-result-item { display:flex; align-items:center; gap:12px; padding:10px 12px; color:#a8a29e; font-family:'Space Grotesk',sans-serif; font-size:13px; letter-spacing:0.05em; text-transform:uppercase; cursor:pointer; border-left:2px solid transparent; transition:all 0.2s ease; }
.search-result-item:hover { color:#ffd43b; border-left-color:#ffd43b; background:rgba(255,212,59,0.05); }
.search-result-item .result-num { color:#ffd43b; font-weight:600; min-width:24px; }
/* Settings Panel */
.settings-overlay { position:fixed; inset:0; background:rgba(0,0,0,0.6); backdrop-filter:blur(4px); z-index:60; opacity:0; pointer-events:none; transition:opacity 0.3s ease; }
.settings-overlay.active { opacity:1; pointer-events:auto; }
.settings-panel { position:fixed; top:0; right:0; height:100%; width:300px; background:#0e0e0e; border-left:1px solid #292524; z-index:61; transform:translateX(100%); pointer-events:none; visibility:hidden; transition:transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4,0,0.2,1); padding:48px 24px; display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:32px; overflow-y:auto; }
.settings-panel.active { transform:translateX(0); pointer-events:auto; visibility:visible; }
.settings-label { font-family:'Space Grotesk',sans-serif; font-size:10px; letter-spacing:0.1em; text-transform:uppercase; color:#636366; margin-bottom:8px; }
.settings-toggle-group { display:flex; gap:4px; }
.settings-toggle-btn { flex:1; padding:8px 12px; background:#1c1b1b; border:1px solid #292524; color:#a8a29e; font-family:'Space Grotesk',sans-serif; font-size:12px; cursor:pointer; transition:all 0.2s ease; text-align:center; }
.settings-toggle-btn.active { background:#ffd43b; color:#0e0e0e; border-color:#ffd43b; font-weight:600; }
.settings-toggle-btn:hover:not(.active) { border-color:#ffd43b; color:#ffd43b; }
.settings-action-btn { width:100%; padding:12px; background:transparent; border:1px solid #292524; color:#a8a29e; font-family:'Space Grotesk',sans-serif; font-size:11px; letter-spacing:0.08em; text-transform:uppercase; cursor:pointer; transition:all 0.2s ease; display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; gap:8px; }
.settings-action-btn:hover { border-color:#ffd43b; color:#ffd43b; }
/* Font Size Variants */
body.font-sm { font-size:14px; }
body.font-sm pre, body.font-sm code { font-size:11px !important; }
body.font-lg { font-size:18px; }
body.font-lg pre, body.font-lg code { font-size:15px !important; }
/* Light Theme — High Contrast */
body.light { background-color:#faf8f5 !important; color:#1c1917 !important; }
/* Header & Nav */
body.light header { background:#faf8f5 !important; border-color:#c8c3bc !important; }
body.light header .hover\:bg-stone-900:hover { background:#e7e5e4 !important; }
body.light .text-stone-100 { color:#1c1917 !important; }
body.light .text-stone-300 { color:#44403c !important; }
body.light .text-stone-400 { color:#57534e !important; }
body.light .text-stone-500 { color:#57534e !important; }
body.light .text-stone-600 { color:#78716c !important; }
body.light .text-dim { color:#78716c !important; }
body.light .text-on-background { color:#1c1917 !important; }
/* Gold → Dark Amber — the core fix for all accent text */
body.light .text-\[\#FFD43B\] { color:#92600a !important; }
body.light .text-primary-container { color:#92600a !important; }
body.light .text-accent { color:#92600a !important; }
body.light .text-heritage-gold { color:#92600a !important; }
/* Gold borders → Dark Amber borders */
body.light .border-\[\#FFD43B\] { border-color:#92600a !important; }
body.light .border-primary-container { border-color:#92600a !important; }
body.light .border-accent { border-color:#92600a !important; }
body.light .border-primary-container\/30 { border-color:rgba(146,96,10,0.3) !important; }
body.light .border-primary-container\/10 { border-color:rgba(146,96,10,0.1) !important; }
body.light .double-underline { border-bottom-color:#92600a !important; }
/* Panels */
body.light .sidebar-panel, body.light .settings-panel, body.light .search-panel { background:#faf8f5 !important; border-color:#c8c3bc !important; color:#1c1917 !important; }
body.light .search-input { color:#1c1917; border-bottom-color:#92600a !important; }
body.light .search-input::placeholder { color:#78716c !important; }
body.light .search-result-item { color:#57534e !important; }
body.light .search-result-item:hover { color:#92600a !important; border-left-color:#92600a !important; background:rgba(146,96,10,0.06) !important; }
body.light .search-result-item .result-num { color:#92600a !important; }
body.light .settings-toggle-btn { background:#f0ece8; border-color:#c8c3bc; color:#44403c; }
body.light .settings-toggle-btn.active { background:#92600a !important; color:#fff !important; border-color:#92600a !important; }
body.light .settings-action-btn { border-color:#c8c3bc; color:#44403c; }
body.light .settings-action-btn:hover { border-color:#92600a; color:#92600a; }
body.light .settings-label { color:#78716c !important; }
/* Sidebar */
body.light .sidebar-link { color:#57534e !important; }
body.light .sidebar-link:hover { color:#92600a !important; border-color:#92600a !important; }
body.light .sidebar-link.active { color:#92600a !important; border-color:#92600a !important; }
/* Code blocks — THE critical fix */
body.light pre { background:#f5f0eb !important; border:1px solid #d6d3d1 !important; color:#1c1917 !important; }
body.light code { color:#1c1917 !important; }
body.light .bg-stone-950 { background:#f5f0eb !important; color:#1c1917 !important; }
body.light .bg-stone-950\/30 { background:#ffffff !important; }
/* Syntax highlighting — dark variants for light bg */
body.light .kw { color:#7c3aed !important; }
body.light .st { color:#16794a !important; }
body.light .cm { color:#6b7280 !important; font-style:italic; }
body.light .nm { color:#b45309 !important; }
body.light .op { color:#57534e !important; }
body.light .fn { color:#0369a1 !important; }
body.light .cl { color:#be185d !important; }
/* Cards & surfaces */
body.light .bg-surface-container-low { background:#ffffff !important; border-color:#d6d3d1 !important; }
body.light .bg-surface-container-lowest { background:#faf8f5 !important; }
body.light .bg-surface-container { background:#f5f0eb !important; }
body.light .bg-surface { background:#faf8f5 !important; }
body.light .border-stone-800 { border-color:#d6d3d1 !important; }
body.light .border-stone-700 { border-color:#d6d3d1 !important; }
body.light .border-rule { border-color:#d6d3d1 !important; }
body.light .bg-stone-800 { background:#e7e5e4 !important; }
body.light .bg-stone-900 { background:#f0ece8 !important; }
body.light .bg-stone-900\/50 { background:rgba(231,229,228,0.5) !important; }
body.light .bg-outline-variant { background:#d6d3d1 !important; }
/* Primary container backgrounds (gold tints) */
body.light .bg-primary-container\/5 { background:rgba(146,96,10,0.05) !important; }
body.light .bg-primary-container\/10 { background:rgba(146,96,10,0.08) !important; }
body.light .bg-primary-container { background:#92600a !important; color:#fff !important; }
/* Table styles */
body.light .ref-table th { color:#92600a !important; }
body.light .ref-table td { border-bottom-color:#e7e5e4 !important; }
</style>
<script id="tailwind-config">
tailwind.config = {
darkMode: "class",
theme: {
extend: {
"colors": {
"on-background": "#e5e2e1",
"primary-container": "#ffd43b",
"surface": "#131313",
"surface-container": "#201f1f",
"surface-container-low": "#1c1b1b",
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"dim": "#636366"
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},
"fontFamily": {
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}
</script>
</head>
<body class="bg-background text-on-background font-body-md overflow-x-hidden">
<!-- Top Navigation -->
<header class="bg-[#0e0e0e] text-stone-100 sticky top-0 border-b border-stone-800 z-50">
<div class="max-w-[1600px] mx-auto flex justify-between items-center px-8 h-20">
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<span class="material-symbols-outlined text-[#FFD43B]">menu</span>
</button>
<div class="text-2xl font-headline-display font-black uppercase tracking-tighter text-[#FFD43B]">
PYTHON CHEAT SHEET
</div>
</div>
<div class="flex items-center gap-4">
<button id="search-toggle" class="hover:bg-stone-900 transition-all p-2" onclick="openSearch()">
<span class="material-symbols-outlined text-[#FFD43B]">search</span>
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<span class="material-symbols-outlined text-[#FFD43B]">settings</span>
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<aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar-panel fixed top-0 left-0 h-full w-72 bg-[#0e0e0e] border-r border-rule z-50 flex flex-col gap-6 py-12 px-6 overflow-y-auto">
<div class="flex justify-between items-start">
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<div class="font-headline-md font-bold text-[#FFD43B] text-lg">REFERENCE MANUAL</div>
<div class="text-[10px] uppercase tracking-widest text-stone-500 font-label-caps">v3.12 Standard Edition</div>
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<a class="sidebar-link text-dim pl-4 py-1 border-l border-rule hover:text-accent hover:border-accent transition-all" href="#s1" data-section="s1">01 BASICS</a>
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<a class="sidebar-link text-dim pl-4 py-1 border-l border-rule hover:text-accent hover:border-accent transition-all" href="#s19" data-section="s19">19 COMPLEXITY</a>
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<h1 class="font-headline-display text-headline-display text-on-background mb-4">
PYTHON <span class="text-primary-container">CHEAT SHEET</span>
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<!-- ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── -->
<!-- SECTION 1 — DATA TYPES -->
<!-- ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── -->
<section class="grid grid-cols-12 gap-8 mb-24" id="s1">
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<h2 class="inline-block font-headline-lg text-headline-lg uppercase tracking-tight pb-2 double-underline">
CORE DATA TYPES
</h2>
<span class="font-label-caps text-stone-500 text-[10px] mb-2">CHAPTER 01</span>
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<h3 class="font-headline-md text-xl text-primary-container uppercase">NUMBERS</h3>
<span class="font-label-caps text-stone-600 text-[9px]">REF 1.1</span>
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<table class="w-full text-left font-body-md text-sm border-separate border-spacing-y-2">
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<td class="font-code-snippet text-primary-container pr-4">int</td>
<td class="text-stone-400 border-l border-stone-800 pl-4">Arbitrary precision</td>
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<td class="font-code-snippet text-primary-container pr-4">float</td>
<td class="text-stone-400 border-l border-stone-800 pl-4">64-bit double</td>
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<td class="font-code-snippet text-primary-container pr-4">complex</td>
<td class="text-stone-400 border-l border-stone-800 pl-4">3+4j</td>
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<tr>
<td class="font-code-snippet text-primary-container pr-4">bool</td>
<td class="text-stone-400 border-l border-stone-800 pl-4">Subclass of int</td>
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<p class="font-body-md text-xs text-stone-300 italic leading-relaxed">
<strong class="text-primary-container not-italic font-label-caps text-[9px] block mb-1">DSA TIP</strong>
Python ints never overflow — use freely for large factorials. Use <code>math.isclose()</code> for float comparison.
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<!-- Mutability Card -->
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<h3 class="font-headline-md text-xl text-primary-container uppercase">MUTABILITY</h3>
<span class="font-label-caps text-stone-600 text-[9px]">REF 1.2</span>
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<div class="flex-1 space-y-4">
<div>
<h4 class="font-label-caps text-[10px] text-stone-500 mb-2 uppercase tracking-widest">Immutable (Hashable)</h4>
<div class="font-code-snippet text-xs text-stone-300 bg-stone-950 p-2 border-l border-primary-container/30">
int, float, str, tuple, frozenset
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<h4 class="font-label-caps text-[10px] text-stone-500 mb-2 uppercase tracking-widest">Mutable</h4>
<div class="font-code-snippet text-xs text-stone-300 bg-stone-950 p-2 border-l border-stone-700">
list, dict, set, bytearray
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<div class="mt-6 border-t border-stone-800 pt-4">
<p class="text-[11px] text-stone-500 leading-tight">
Only hashable objects can be dict keys or set members.
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<h3 class="font-headline-md text-xl mb-6 uppercase">CONVERSIONS</h3>
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<div class="text-stone-600 mb-1 text-[9px] uppercase font-label-caps">Int to Binary</div>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-2 border-l border-primary-container text-xs font-code-snippet text-stone-200">int("1010", 2) # → 10</pre>
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<div class="text-stone-600 mb-1 text-[9px] uppercase font-label-caps">Char to ASCII</div>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-2 border-l border-primary-container text-xs font-code-snippet text-stone-200">ord('a') # → 97</pre>
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<div class="text-stone-600 mb-1 text-[9px] uppercase font-label-caps">List to Set</div>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-2 border-l border-primary-container text-xs font-code-snippet text-stone-200">set([1, 2, 2]) # → {1, 2}</pre>
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<!-- Truthiness & Identity -->
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<h3 class="font-headline-md text-lg text-primary-container mb-4">TRUTHINESS RULES</h3>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-4 border border-stone-800 text-xs font-code-snippet leading-relaxed">
<span class="cm"># Falsy values:</span>
<span class="kw">None</span>, <span class="kw">False</span>, <span class="nm">0</span>, <span class="nm">0.0</span>, <span class="st">""</span>, [], (), {}, <span class="fn">set</span>()
<span class="cm"># Pattern:</span>
<span class="kw">if not</span> stack: <span class="cm"># is empty</span>
<span class="kw">if</span> stack: <span class="cm"># has items</span></pre>
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<h3 class="font-headline-md text-lg text-primary-container mb-4">IDENTITY (IS VS ==)</h3>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-4 border border-stone-800 text-xs font-code-snippet leading-relaxed">
a = [1, 2]; b = [1, 2]
a == b <span class="cm"># True (Values match)</span>
a <span class="kw">is</span> b <span class="cm"># False (References differ)</span></pre>
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<!-- Modern DX & Stdlib -->
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<h3 class="font-headline-md text-lg text-[#FFD43B] mb-4 uppercase">Modern DX & Stdlib (3.10-3.14)</h3>
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<h4 class="font-label-caps text-[10px] text-stone-500 mb-2 uppercase tracking-widest">Modern REPL (3.13+)</h4>
<p class="text-[11px] text-stone-300 leading-relaxed">The standard interactive shell now features real-time syntax highlighting, multi-line editing, and history-based tab-completion by default.</p>
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<div>
<h4 class="font-label-caps text-[10px] text-stone-500 mb-2 uppercase tracking-widest">Zstandard (3.14)</h4>
<p class="text-[11px] text-stone-300 leading-relaxed">The addition of <code class="text-[#FFD43B]">compression.zstd</code> brings high-speed, modern compression directly into the standard library.</p>
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<h4 class="font-label-caps text-[10px] text-stone-500 mb-2 uppercase tracking-widest">Dead Batteries Removed</h4>
<p class="text-[11px] text-stone-300 leading-relaxed">Legacy modules like <code class="text-stone-400">distutils</code>, <code class="text-stone-400">asynchat</code>, and <code class="text-stone-400">smtpd</code> have been permanently removed. Migrate to modern alternatives like <code class="text-[#FFD43B]">pathlib</code> and <code class="text-[#FFD43B]">asyncio</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
</section>
<!-- ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── -->
<!-- SECTION 2 — LIST -->
<!-- ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── -->
<section class="grid grid-cols-12 gap-8 mb-24" id="s2">
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<h2 class="inline-block font-headline-lg text-headline-lg uppercase tracking-tight pb-2 double-underline">
LIST — DYNAMIC ARRAY
</h2>
<span class="font-label-caps text-stone-500 text-[10px] mb-2">CHAPTER 02</span>
</div>
<div class="mt-4 bg-primary-container/5 border-l-2 border-primary-container p-4">
<p class="font-body-md text-sm text-stone-400 italic leading-relaxed">
Python's <code>list</code> is a dynamic array (like Java's ArrayList). It supports O(1) index access,
O(1) amortized appends, but O(n) insert/delete at arbitrary positions.
</p>
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</div>
<!-- Creation & Basic Operations -->
<article class="col-span-12 lg:col-span-6 border border-stone-800 p-6 bg-surface-container-low flex flex-col">
<div class="flex justify-between items-start mb-4">
<h3 class="font-headline-md text-xl text-primary-container uppercase">CREATION & BASIC OPS</h3>
<span class="font-label-caps text-stone-600 text-[9px]">REF 2.1</span>
</div>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-4 border border-stone-800 text-xs font-code-snippet leading-relaxed overflow-x-auto">
lst = [] <span class="cm"># empty</span>
lst = [<span class="nm">1</span>, <span class="nm">2</span>, <span class="nm">3</span>]
lst = [<span class="nm">0</span>] * <span class="nm">5</span> <span class="cm"># [0,0,0,0,0]</span>
lst = <span class="fn">list</span>(<span class="fn">range</span>(<span class="nm">10</span>)) <span class="cm"># [0..9]</span>
<span class="cm"># 2D list — CORRECT way</span>
grid = [[<span class="nm">0</span>]*cols <span class="kw">for</span> _ <span class="kw">in</span> <span class="fn">range</span>(rows)]
lst.<span class="fn">append</span>(x) <span class="cm"># O(1) add to end</span>
lst.<span class="fn">pop</span>() <span class="cm"># O(1) remove from end</span>
lst.<span class="fn">pop</span>(<span class="nm">0</span>) <span class="cm"># O(n) remove from front</span>
lst.<span class="fn">insert</span>(<span class="nm">i</span>, x) <span class="cm"># O(n)</span>
lst.<span class="fn">extend</span>(iterable) <span class="cm"># O(k)</span></pre>
<div class="mt-4 p-3 bg-stone-900 border-l-2 border-stone-700">
<p class="text-[10px] text-stone-500 font-label-caps tracking-wider uppercase mb-1">Stack (LIFO) Pattern</p>
<code class="text-xs text-stone-300">stack.append(x) | stack.pop() | stack[-1] (peek)</code>
</div>
</article>
<!-- Searching & Sorting -->
<article class="col-span-12 lg:col-span-6 border border-stone-800 p-6 bg-surface-container-low flex flex-col">
<div class="flex justify-between items-start mb-4">
<h3 class="font-headline-md text-xl text-primary-container uppercase">SEARCHING & SORTING</h3>
<span class="font-label-caps text-stone-600 text-[9px]">REF 2.2</span>
</div>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-4 border border-stone-800 text-xs font-code-snippet leading-relaxed overflow-x-auto">
x <span class="kw">in</span> lst <span class="cm"># O(n) linear search</span>
<span class="cm"># Sorting — Timsort O(n log n)</span>
lst.<span class="fn">sort</span>() <span class="cm"># in-place</span>
lst.<span class="fn">sort</span>(reverse=<span class="kw">True</span>)
lst.<span class="fn">sort</span>(key=<span class="kw">lambda</span> x: x[<span class="nm">1</span>])
<span class="cm"># Multi-key sort:</span>
lst.<span class="fn">sort</span>(key=<span class="kw">lambda</span> x: (x[<span class="nm">0</span>], <span class="op">-</span>x[<span class="nm">1</span>]))
<span class="cm"># sorted() returns new list</span>
new = <span class="fn">sorted</span>(lst, key=<span class="fn">len</span>)</pre>
</article>
<!-- Binary Search & Patterns -->
<article class="col-span-12 border border-stone-800 p-6 bg-surface-container-low">
<div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-8">
<div>
<h3 class="font-headline-md text-lg text-primary-container uppercase mb-4">BINARY SEARCH</h3>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-4 border border-stone-800 text-xs font-code-snippet leading-relaxed">
<span class="kw">import</span> bisect
lst = [<span class="nm">1</span>, <span class="nm">3</span>, <span class="nm">5</span>, <span class="nm">7</span>, <span class="nm">9</span>]
<span class="cm"># Find insertion point</span>
bisect.<span class="fn">bisect_left</span>(lst, <span class="nm">5</span>) <span class="cm"># → 2</span>
bisect.<span class="fn">bisect_right</span>(lst, <span class="nm">5</span>) <span class="cm"># → 3</span>
<span class="cm"># Insert maintaining sort</span>
bisect.<span class="fn">insort</span>(lst, <span class="nm">4</span>) <span class="cm"># [1,3,4,5,7,9]</span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<h3 class="font-headline-md text-lg text-primary-container uppercase mb-4">USEFUL PATTERNS</h3>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-4 border border-stone-800 text-xs font-code-snippet leading-relaxed">
<span class="cm"># Flatten nested list</span>
flat = [x <span class="kw">for</span> row <span class="kw">in</span> matrix <span class="kw">for</span> x <span class="kw">in</span> row]
<span class="cm"># Zip & Enumerate</span>
pairs = <span class="fn">list</span>(<span class="fn">zip</span>(a, b))
<span class="kw">for</span> i, v <span class="kw">in</span> <span class="fn">enumerate</span>(lst): ...
<span class="cm"># All / Any</span>
<span class="fn">all</span>(x > <span class="nm">0</span> <span class="kw">for</span> x <span class="kw">in</span> lst)
<span class="fn">any</span>(x > <span class="nm">0</span> <span class="kw">for</span> x <span class="kw">in</span> lst)</pre>
</div>
</div>
</article>
</section>
<!-- ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── -->
<!-- SECTION 3 — STRING -->
<!-- ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── -->
<section class="grid grid-cols-12 gap-8 mb-24" id="s3">
<div class="col-span-12 mb-8 border-b border-stone-800 pb-4">
<div class="flex justify-between items-end">
<h2 class="inline-block font-headline-lg text-headline-lg uppercase tracking-tight pb-2 double-underline">
STRING — UNICODE SEQUENCE
</h2>
<span class="font-label-caps text-stone-500 text-[10px] mb-2">CHAPTER 03</span>
</div>
</div>
<article class="col-span-12 lg:col-span-7 border border-stone-800 p-6 bg-surface-container-low">
<h3 class="font-headline-md text-xl text-primary-container uppercase mb-6">COMMON METHODS</h3>
<div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4">
<div class="space-y-3">
<div class="font-code-snippet text-xs bg-stone-950 p-2 border-l border-primary-container">
s.<span class="fn">strip</span>() <span class="cm"># Trim whitespace</span>
</div>
<div class="font-code-snippet text-xs bg-stone-950 p-2 border-l border-primary-container">
s.<span class="fn">split</span>(<span class="st">","</span>) <span class="cm"># To list</span>
</div>
<div class="font-code-snippet text-xs bg-stone-950 p-2 border-l border-primary-container">
<span class="st">" "</span>.<span class="fn">join</span>(lst) <span class="cm"># List to string</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="space-y-3">
<div class="font-code-snippet text-xs bg-stone-950 p-2 border-l border-stone-700">
s.<span class="fn">startswith</span>(<span class="st">"prefix"</span>)
</div>
<div class="font-code-snippet text-xs bg-stone-950 p-2 border-l border-stone-700">
s.<span class="fn">replace</span>(<span class="st">"old"</span>, <span class="st">"new"</span>)
</div>
<div class="font-code-snippet text-xs bg-stone-950 p-2 border-l border-stone-700">
s[<span class="nm">1</span>:<span class="nm">4</span>], s[:<span class="op">:</span><span class="op">-</span><span class="nm">1</span>] <span class="cm"># Slice/Rev</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</article>
<article class="col-span-12 lg:col-span-5 border border-stone-800 p-6 bg-surface-container-lowest">
<h3 class="font-headline-md text-xl mb-6 uppercase">IMMUTABILITY</h3>
<p class="font-body-md text-xs text-stone-400 mb-4 leading-relaxed">
Strings are <strong class="text-primary-container">immutable</strong>. To modify, convert to list or use slicing.
</p>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-3 border border-stone-800 text-xs font-code-snippet">
lst = <span class="fn">list</span>(s)
lst[<span class="nm">0</span>] = <span class="st">'X'</span>
s = <span class="st">""</span>.<span class="fn">join</span>(lst)</pre>
<div class="mt-4 border-t border-stone-800 pt-4">
<div class="text-stone-600 mb-1 text-[9px] uppercase font-label-caps">Modern Formatting</div>
<code class="text-xs text-primary-container">f"Result: {val:.2f}"</code>
</div>
</article>
<!-- Modern String Formatting -->
<div class="col-span-12 mt-4">
<article class="border border-stone-800 p-6 bg-stone-900/50">
<h3 class="font-headline-md text-lg text-[#FFD43B] mb-4 uppercase">Modern String Formatting (3.12-3.14)</h3>
<div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-6">
<div>
<h4 class="font-label-caps text-[10px] text-stone-500 mb-2 uppercase tracking-widest">Enhanced f-strings (3.12+)</h4>
<p class="text-[11px] text-stone-300 leading-relaxed mb-2">f-strings are now formally integrated into the grammar. They support unrestricted quote reuse, multiline expressions with comments, and deep nesting.</p>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-2 border-l border-primary-container text-xs font-code-snippet text-stone-200">f"User: {data['user']}" <span class="cm"># No need to alternate quotes</span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<h4 class="font-label-caps text-[10px] text-stone-500 mb-2 uppercase tracking-widest">Template Strings / t-strings (3.14)</h4>
<p class="text-[11px] text-stone-300 leading-relaxed mb-2">A crucial security feature enabling deferred evaluation for safe building of SQL queries and HTML templates, neutralizing injection risks.</p>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-2 border-l border-primary-container text-xs font-code-snippet text-stone-200">t"SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = {user_id}"</pre>
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
</section>
<!-- ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── -->
<!-- SECTION 4 — DICTIONARY -->
<!-- ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── -->
<section id="s4" class="grid grid-cols-12 gap-px bg-stone-800 border-b border-stone-800">
<header class="col-span-12 p-8 bg-surface-container-lowest">
<div class="flex items-center gap-4 mb-4">
<span class="px-3 py-1 bg-primary-container text-stone-950 font-label-caps text-[10px] tracking-widest uppercase">CHAPTER 04</span>
<span class="h-px flex-1 bg-stone-800"></span>
<span class="text-stone-500 font-label-caps text-[10px] tracking-widest uppercase">Broadsheet Technical Reference</span>
</div>
<h2 class="font-headline-lg text-4xl mb-4 tracking-tight">DICTIONARY · <span class="text-stone-500">HASH MAP</span></h2>
<p class="font-body-lg text-stone-400 max-w-2xl leading-relaxed">
Python dictionaries maintain insertion order (since 3.7+). They are highly optimized Hash Maps providing average O(1) complexity for search, insertion, and deletion.
</p>
</header>
<article class="col-span-12 lg:col-span-7 border border-stone-800 p-6 bg-surface-container-low">
<h3 class="font-headline-md text-xl text-primary-container uppercase mb-6">CORE OPERATIONS</h3>
<div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-6">
<div>
<div class="text-stone-500 text-[10px] uppercase font-label-caps mb-3">Creation & Access</div>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-3 border-l border-primary-container text-xs font-code-snippet space-y-1">
d = {<span class="st">'a'</span>: <span class="nm">1</span>, <span class="st">'b'</span>: <span class="nm">2</span>}
d.<span class="fn">get</span>(<span class="st">'key'</span>, <span class="nm">0</span>) <span class="cm"># Safe read</span>
d[<span class="st">'key'</span>] = val <span class="cm"># Insert/Update</span>
<span class="kw">del</span> d[<span class="st">'key'</span>] <span class="cm"># Delete</span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<div class="text-stone-500 text-[10px] uppercase font-label-caps mb-3">Iteration</div>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-3 border-l border-stone-700 text-xs font-code-snippet space-y-1">
<span class="kw">for</span> k, v <span class="kw">in</span> d.<span class="fn">items</span>():
<span class="kw">for</span> k <span class="kw">in</span> d.<span class="fn">keys</span>():
<span class="kw">for</span> v <span class="kw">in</span> d.<span class="fn">values</span>():</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="mt-6 pt-6 border-t border-stone-800">
<div class="text-stone-500 text-[10px] uppercase font-label-caps mb-3">Modern Merging (3.9+)</div>
<code class="text-xs text-primary-container font-code-snippet">merged = d1 | d2 <span class="text-stone-600 ml-4"># d2 values overwrite d1</span></code>
</div>
</article>
<article class="col-span-12 lg:col-span-5 border border-stone-800 p-6 bg-surface-container-lowest">
<h3 class="font-headline-md text-xl mb-6 uppercase">DSA SPECIALS</h3>
<div class="space-y-6">
<div>
<div class="flex items-center gap-2 mb-2 text-primary-container">
<span class="text-xs font-bold font-label-caps">defaultdict</span>
</div>
<p class="text-[11px] text-stone-500 mb-2">Auto-initializes missing keys. Essential for frequency maps and graphs.</p>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-3 border border-stone-800 text-xs font-code-snippet">
<span class="kw">from</span> collections <span class="kw">import</span> defaultdict
adj = <span class="fn">defaultdict</span>(<span class="fn">list</span>)
adj[node].<span class="fn">append</span>(neighbor)</pre>
</div>
<div>
<div class="flex items-center gap-2 mb-2 text-primary-container">
<span class="text-xs font-bold font-label-caps">Counter</span>
</div>
<p class="text-[11px] text-stone-500 mb-2">High-performance counting tool. Solves anagram and frequency problems in one line.</p>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-3 border border-stone-800 text-xs font-code-snippet">
<span class="kw">from</span> collections <span class="kw">import</span> Counter
c = <span class="fn">Counter</span>(<span class="st">"aabbbcc"</span>)
<span class="kw">return</span> c.<span class="fn">most_common</span>(<span class="nm">1</span>)</pre>
</div>
</div>
</article>
</section>
<!-- ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── -->
<!-- SECTION 5 — SET -->
<!-- ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── -->
<section id="s5" class="grid grid-cols-12 gap-px bg-stone-800 border-b border-stone-800">
<header class="col-span-12 lg:col-span-4 p-8 bg-surface-container-lowest flex flex-col justify-center">
<div class="flex items-center gap-4 mb-4">
<span class="px-3 py-1 bg-stone-800 text-stone-300 font-label-caps text-[10px] tracking-widest uppercase">Chapter 05</span>
</div>
<h2 class="font-headline-lg text-4xl mb-4 tracking-tight">SET · <span class="text-stone-500 text-2xl">HASH SET</span></h2>
<p class="font-body-md text-stone-400 leading-relaxed text-xs">
Unordered collection of unique elements. Average O(1) membership testing. Based on the same hash table technology as dictionaries.
</p>
<div class="mt-6 p-4 bg-stone-950 border border-stone-800 italic text-[10px] text-stone-500">
"Use sets for deduplication and fast membership checks (in) instead of lists."
</div>
</header>
<article class="col-span-12 lg:col-span-4 border border-stone-800 p-6 bg-surface-container-low">
<h3 class="font-headline-md text-lg text-primary-container uppercase mb-6">OPERATIONS</h3>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-4 text-xs font-code-snippet space-y-2 border-l border-stone-700">
s.<span class="fn">add</span>(x) <span class="cm"># Add element</span>
s.<span class="fn">remove</span>(x) <span class="cm"># Error if missing</span>
s.<span class="fn">discard</span>(x) <span class="cm"># Safe removal</span>
x <span class="kw">in</span> s <span class="cm"># O(1) Lookup</span>
<span class="cm"># Set Logic</span>
a | b <span class="cm"># Union</span>
a & b <span class="cm"># Intersection</span>
a - b <span class="cm"># Difference</span>
a ^ b <span class="cm"># Symmetric Diff</span></pre>
</article>
<article class="col-span-12 lg:col-span-4 border border-stone-800 p-6 bg-surface-container-lowest">
<h3 class="font-headline-md text-lg mb-6 uppercase">DSA PATTERNS</h3>
<div class="space-y-4">
<div class="bg-stone-950 p-4 border border-stone-800">
<div class="text-[10px] uppercase font-label-caps text-stone-500 mb-2">Cycle Detection</div>
<pre class="text-xs font-code-snippet">
seen = <span class="fn">set</span>()
<span class="kw">if</span> node <span class="kw">in</span> seen: <span class="kw">return True</span>
seen.<span class="fn">add</span>(node)</pre>
</div>
<div class="bg-stone-950 p-4 border border-stone-800">
<div class="text-[10px] uppercase font-label-caps text-stone-500 mb-2">Deduplication</div>
<pre class="text-xs font-code-snippet">
unique = <span class="fn">list</span>(<span class="fn">set</span>(items))</pre>
</div>
</div>
</article>
</section>
<!-- ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── -->
<!-- SECTION 6 — DEQUE / STACK / QUEUE -->
<!-- ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── -->
<section id="s6" class="grid grid-cols-12 gap-px bg-stone-800 border-b border-stone-800">
<header class="col-span-12 p-8 bg-surface-container-lowest">
<div class="flex items-center gap-4 mb-4">
<span class="px-3 py-1 bg-primary-container text-stone-950 font-label-caps text-[10px] tracking-widest uppercase">Chapter 06</span>
<span class="h-px flex-1 bg-stone-800"></span>
<span class="text-stone-500 font-label-caps text-[10px] tracking-widest uppercase">Linear Structures</span>
</div>
<h2 class="font-headline-lg text-4xl mb-2 tracking-tight">DEQUE & QUEUE</h2>
<p class="font-body-md text-stone-400 text-xs uppercase tracking-widest">Double-Ended Queue · Stack · Priority Queue</p>
</header>
<article class="col-span-12 lg:col-span-7 border border-stone-800 p-6 bg-surface-container-low">
<h3 class="font-headline-md text-xl text-primary-container uppercase mb-6 text-stone-300">COLLECTIONS.DEQUE</h3>
<div class="bg-stone-950 p-4 border-l-2 border-primary-container mb-6 italic text-[11px] text-stone-400">
"Always use deque for queues! List pop(0) is O(n), deque popleft() is O(1)."
</div>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-4 text-xs font-code-snippet border border-stone-800">
<span class="kw">from</span> collections <span class="kw">import</span> deque
dq = <span class="fn">deque</span>([<span class="nm">1</span>,<span class="nm">2</span>,<span class="nm">3</span>])
dq.<span class="fn">append</span>(x) <span class="cm"># Push right</span>
dq.<span class="fn">appendleft</span>(x) <span class="cm"># Push left</span>
dq.<span class="fn">pop</span>() <span class="cm"># Pop right</span>
dq.<span class="fn">popleft</span>() <span class="cm"># Pop left (O(1))</span>
<span class="cm"># BFS Pattern</span>
queue = <span class="fn">deque</span>([root])
<span class="kw">while</span> queue:
node = queue.<span class="fn">popleft</span>()</pre>
</article>
<article class="col-span-12 lg:col-span-5 border border-stone-800 p-6 bg-surface-container-lowest">
<h3 class="font-headline-md text-xl mb-6 uppercase">SLIDING WINDOW</h3>
<p class="text-[11px] text-stone-500 mb-4 leading-relaxed">
A fixed-size deque auto-evicts old elements, making it perfect for sliding window analysis.
</p>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-4 text-xs font-code-snippet border border-stone-800">
window = <span class="fn">deque</span>(maxlen=k)
<span class="kw">for</span> x <span class="kw">in</span> nums:
<span class="cm"># Dijkstra pattern:</span>
dist = {start: <span class="nm">0</span>}
pq = [(0, start)]
<span class="kw">while</span> pq:
d, u = heapq.<span class="fn">heappop</span>(pq)
<span class="kw">if</span> d > dist.<span class="fn">get</span>(u, <span class="fn">float</span>(<span class="st">'inf'</span>)):
<span class="kw">continue</span>
<span class="kw">for</span> v, w <span class="kw">in</span> graph[u]:
nd = d + w
<span class="kw">if</span> nd < dist.<span class="fn">get</span>(v, <span class="fn">float</span>(<span class="st">'inf'</span>)):
dist[v] = nd
heapq.<span class="fn">heappush</span>(pq, (nd, v))
<span class="cm"># Tie-breaking with counter (avoid comparing objects):</span>
counter = <span class="nm">0</span>
heapq.<span class="fn">heappush</span>(h, (priority, counter, item))
counter += <span class="nm">1</span>
<span class="cm"># Merge K sorted lists:</span>
<span class="fn">list</span>(heapq.<span class="fn">merge</span>(*sorted_lists))</pre>
</article>
</section>
<!-- ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── -->
<!-- SECTION 7 — COLLECTIONS MODULE -->
<!-- ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── -->
<section class="grid grid-cols-12 gap-8 mb-24" id="s7">
<header class="col-span-12 mb-8 border-b border-rule pb-4">
<div class="flex justify-between items-end">
<h2 class="inline-block font-headline-lg text-headline-lg uppercase tracking-tight pb-2 double-underline">
Collections Module
</h2>
<span class="font-label-caps text-stone-500 text-[10px] mb-2">CHAPTER 07</span>
</div>
</header>
<article class="col-span-12 lg:col-span-6 border border-rule p-6 bg-surface-container-low">
<div class="flex justify-between items-start mb-6">
<h3 class="font-headline-md text-xl text-accent uppercase">Counters & Defaults</h3>
<span class="font-label-caps text-dim text-[9px]">REF 7.1</span>
</div>
<pre class="font-code-snippet bg-surface-container-lowest p-4 border border-rule"><code><span class="kw">from</span> collections <span class="kw">import</span> Counter, defaultdict
<span class="cm"># Frequency counting</span>
c = <span class="fn">Counter</span>(<span class="st">"aabbbcc"</span>)
c.<span class="fn">most_common</span>(<span class="nm">2</span>) <span class="cm"># [('b',3),('a',2)]</span>
<span class="cm"># Auto-init missing keys</span>
adj = <span class="fn">defaultdict</span>(<span class="fn">list</span>)
adj[u].<span class="fn">append</span>(v)</code></pre>
</article>
<article class="col-span-12 lg:col-span-6 border border-rule p-6 bg-surface-container-low">
<div class="flex justify-between items-start mb-6">
<h3 class="font-headline-md text-xl text-accent uppercase">Formatting & Bases</h3>
<span class="font-label-caps text-dim text-[9px]">REF 7.2</span>
</div>
<pre class="font-code-snippet bg-surface-container-lowest p-4 border border-rule"><code>f<span class="st">"{255:b}"</span> <span class="cm"># 11111111 (binary)</span>
f<span class="st">"{255:x}"</span> <span class="cm"># ff (hex)</span>
f<span class="st">"{x = }"</span> <span class="cm"># x = 42 (debug!)</span>
<span class="cm"># Number bases</span>
<span class="fn">bin</span>(<span class="nm">42</span>) <span class="cm"># '0b101010'</span>
<span class="fn">hex</span>(<span class="nm">42</span>) <span class="cm"># '0x2a'</span>
<span class="fn">int</span>(<span class="st">'101010'</span>, <span class="nm">2</span>) <span class="cm"># 42</span></code></pre>
</article>
</section>
<!-- ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── -->
<!-- SECTION 8 — SORTING -->
<!-- ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── -->
<section id="s8" class="grid grid-cols-12 gap-px bg-stone-800 border-b border-stone-800">
<header class="col-span-12 p-8 bg-surface-container-lowest">
<div class="flex items-center gap-4 mb-4">
<span class="px-3 py-1 bg-primary-container text-stone-950 font-label-caps text-[10px] tracking-widest uppercase">Chapter 08</span>
<span class="h-px flex-1 bg-stone-800"></span>
<span class="text-stone-500 font-label-caps text-[10px] tracking-widest uppercase">Algorithms: Timsort · Stable</span>
</div>
<h2 class="font-headline-lg text-4xl mb-4 tracking-tight">SORTING · <span class="text-stone-500 text-2xl uppercase">Ordering Logic</span></h2>
<p class="font-body-lg text-stone-400 max-w-2xl leading-relaxed">
Python uses Timsort—a hybrid of Merge and Insertion sort. Worst case O(n log n), nearly-sorted O(n). All built-in sorts are <strong>stable</strong>.
</p>
</header>
<article class="col-span-12 lg:col-span-7 border border-stone-800 p-6 bg-surface-container-low">
<h3 class="font-headline-md text-xl text-primary-container uppercase mb-6 text-stone-300">METHODS</h3>
<div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-8">
<div>
<div class="text-[10px] uppercase font-label-caps text-stone-500 mb-3 tracking-wider">In-Place: .sort()</div>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-4 text-xs font-code-snippet border-l border-primary-container">
lst.<span class="fn">sort</span>()
lst.<span class="fn">sort</span>(reverse=<span class="kw">True</span>)
lst.<span class="fn">sort</span>(key=<span class="kw">len</span>)</pre>
</div>
<div>
<div class="text-[10px] uppercase font-label-caps text-stone-500 mb-3 tracking-wider">Functional: sorted()</div>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-4 text-xs font-code-snippet border-l border-stone-700">
new = <span class="fn">sorted</span>(iterable)
new = <span class="fn">sorted</span>(d.<span class="fn">items</span>(),
key=<span class="kw">lambda</span> x: x[<span class="nm">1</span>])</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="mt-8 border-t border-stone-800 pt-6">
<div class="text-[10px] uppercase font-label-caps text-stone-600 mb-3 tracking-tighter">Multi-Key Sorting</div>
<code class="text-xs text-primary-container font-code-snippet">lst.<span class="fn">sort</span>(key=<span class="kw">lambda</span> x: (<span class="op">-</span>x[<span class="nm">0</span>], x[<span class="nm">1</span>])) <span class="text-stone-600 ml-4"># Primary DESC, Secondary ASC</span></code>
</div>
</article>
<article class="col-span-12 lg:col-span-5 border border-stone-800 p-6 bg-surface-container-lowest">
<h3 class="font-headline-md text-xl mb-6 uppercase">CUSTOM COMPARATORS</h3>
<p class="text-[11px] text-stone-500 mb-4 leading-relaxed">
Use <code class="text-stone-400">cmp_to_key</code> for complex logic that doesn't fit a simple key function.
</p>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-4 text-xs font-code-snippet border border-stone-800">
<span class="kw">from</span> functools <span class="kw">import</span> cmp_to_key
<span class="kw">def</span> <span class="fn">compare</span>(a, b):
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="fn">str</span>(a)+<span class="fn">str</span>(b) > <span class="fn">str</span>(b)+<span class="fn">str</span>(a):
<span class="kw">return</span> <span class="nm">1</span>
<span class="kw">return</span> <span class="op">-</span><span class="nm">1</span>
nums.<span class="fn">sort</span>(key=<span class="fn">cmp_to_key</span>(compare))</pre>
</article>
</section>
<!-- ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── -->
<!-- SECTION 9 — SLICING & INDEXING -->
<!-- ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── -->
<section id="s9" class="grid grid-cols-12 gap-px bg-stone-800 border-b border-stone-800">
<header class="col-span-12 lg:col-span-4 p-8 bg-surface-container-lowest flex flex-col justify-center">
<div class="flex items-center gap-4 mb-4">
<span class="px-3 py-1 bg-stone-800 text-stone-300 font-label-caps text-[10px] tracking-widest uppercase">Chapter 09</span>
</div>
<h2 class="font-headline-lg text-4xl mb-4 tracking-tight">SLICING · <span class="text-stone-500 text-2xl uppercase">Sequences</span></h2>
<p class="font-body-md text-stone-400 leading-relaxed text-xs">
Syntax: <code class="text-primary-container">[start:stop:step]</code>. Stop is exclusive. Step -1 for reversal.
</p>
</header>
<article class="col-span-12 lg:col-span-4 border border-stone-800 p-6 bg-surface-container-low">
<h3 class="font-headline-md text-lg text-primary-container uppercase mb-6">COMMON PATTERNS</h3>
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-4 text-xs font-code-snippet space-y-2 border-l border-primary-container">
s[<span class="nm">0</span>] <span class="cm"># First element</span>
s[<span class="op">-</span><span class="nm">1</span>] <span class="cm"># Last element</span>
s[::<span class="op">-</span><span class="nm">1</span>] <span class="cm"># Full reversal</span>
s[:<span class="nm">3</span>] <span class="cm"># First 3 (0,1,2)</span>
s[<span class="nm">2</span>:] <span class="cm"># From index 2 to end</span>
s[::<span class="nm">2</span>] <span class="cm"># Every second element</span></pre>
</article>
<article class="col-span-12 lg:col-span-4 border border-stone-800 p-6 bg-surface-container-lowest">
<h3 class="font-headline-md text-lg mb-6 uppercase">UNPACKING</h3>
<div class="space-y-4">
<pre class="bg-stone-950 p-4 text-xs font-code-snippet border border-stone-800">
a, b, c = [<span class="nm">1</span>, <span class="nm">2</span>, <span class="nm">3</span>]
first, *rest = [<span class="nm">1</span>, <span class="nm">2</span>, <span class="nm">3</span>, <span class="nm">4</span>]
<span class="cm"># 1, [2, 3, 4]</span>
a, b = b, a <span class="cm"># The Swap</span></pre>
<div class="p-4 bg-stone-950 border border-stone-800">