diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index c2a5b0ca..78bc2e65 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -78,6 +78,15 @@ jobs:
       - name: Engine purity guard
         run: npm run check-purity
 
+      # Every message the code asks for is in the English source bundle (a new
+      # l10n.t() that nobody re-extracted fails here), and every translation
+      # covers it with the same placeholders and no added markup.
+      - name: Translations are complete
+        run: |
+          node scripts/i18n/bundle-nls.mjs --write
+          git diff --exit-code -- apps/extension/l10n/bundle.l10n.json
+          npm run i18n
+
       - name: Package extension (smoke-test the build)
         run: |
           npm run package
diff --git a/apps/extension/l10n/bundle.l10n.json b/apps/extension/l10n/bundle.l10n.json
index 1134accc..72b5ab41 100644
--- a/apps/extension/l10n/bundle.l10n.json
+++ b/apps/extension/l10n/bundle.l10n.json
@@ -2446,7 +2446,11 @@
  "Your changes to {0} were put back, but they conflict with what came in — ": "Your changes to {0} were put back, but they conflict with what came in — ",
  "Your comment is back in its box.": "Your comment is back in its box.",
  "Your commit a1b2c3d “{0}” from feature/session-hardening": "Your commit a1b2c3d “{0}” from feature/session-hardening",
+ "Your commit replaced the version the remote still has — amending a pushed commit does this. Pulling would bring the old one back.": "Your commit replaced the version the remote still has — amending a pushed commit does this. Pulling would bring the old one back.",
+ "Your commit replaced versions the remote still has — amending a pushed commit does this. Pulling would bring the old one back.": "Your commit replaced versions the remote still has — amending a pushed commit does this. Pulling would bring the old one back.",
  "Your commit {0} “{1}” from {2}": "Your commit {0} “{1}” from {2}",
+ "Your commits replaced the version the remote still has — amending a pushed commit does this. Pulling would bring the old one back.": "Your commits replaced the version the remote still has — amending a pushed commit does this. Pulling would bring the old one back.",
+ "Your commits replaced versions the remote still has — amending a pushed commit does this. Pulling would bring the old one back.": "Your commits replaced versions the remote still has — amending a pushed commit does this. Pulling would bring the old one back.",
  "Your commits stay. The PR's newer commits aren't brought in.": "Your commits stay. The PR's newer commits aren't brought in.",
  "Your commits stay. The pull request's newer commits aren't brought in: pull to merge them.": "Your commits stay. The pull request's newer commits aren't brought in: pull to merge them.",
  "Your history will appear here after the first commit.": "Your history will appear here after the first commit.",
@@ -2466,7 +2470,6 @@
  "Your uncommitted changes to {0} are in the way of {1} — ": "Your uncommitted changes to {0} are in the way of {1} — ",
  "Your uncommitted changes touch files the {0} changed. Commit or stash them, then undo.": "Your uncommitted changes touch files the {0} changed. Commit or stash them, then undo.",
  "Your verdict": "Your verdict",
- "Your {0} replaced the {1} the remote still has — amending a pushed commit does this. Pulling would bring the old one back.": "Your {0} replaced the {1} the remote still has — amending a pushed commit does this. Pulling would bring the old one back.",
  "Yours": "Yours",
  "Yours {0}, theirs {1}: the result keeps {2}.": "Yours {0}, theirs {1}: the result keeps {2}.",
  "[$(arrow-up) Push](command:gitstudio.sync.push)": "[$(arrow-up) Push](command:gitstudio.sync.push)",
@@ -2895,8 +2898,6 @@
  "use the commit as-is": "use the commit as-is",
  "uses {0}": "uses {0}",
  "v1.2.0   a1b2c3d   origin/main~3": "v1.2.0   a1b2c3d   origin/main~3",
- "version": "version",
- "versions": "versions",
  "wants to merge": "wants to merge",
  "week": "week",
  "weeks": "weeks",
diff --git a/apps/extension/l10n/bundle.l10n.zh-cn.json b/apps/extension/l10n/bundle.l10n.zh-cn.json
index 50f80c89..7df3d52d 100644
--- a/apps/extension/l10n/bundle.l10n.zh-cn.json
+++ b/apps/extension/l10n/bundle.l10n.zh-cn.json
@@ -2446,7 +2446,11 @@
  "Your changes to {0} were put back, but they conflict with what came in — ": "你对 {0} 的更改已放回，但它们与进来的内容冲突 — ",
  "Your comment is back in its box.": "你的评论已回到输入框中。",
  "Your commit a1b2c3d “{0}” from feature/session-hardening": "你在 feature/session-hardening 上的提交 a1b2c3d“{0}”",
+ "Your commit replaced the version the remote still has — amending a pushed commit does this. Pulling would bring the old one back.": "你的提交替换了远程仍持有的版本 — 修改已推送的提交会导致这种情况。拉取会带回旧的那个。",
+ "Your commit replaced versions the remote still has — amending a pushed commit does this. Pulling would bring the old one back.": "你的提交替换了远程仍持有的多个版本 — 修改已推送的提交会导致这种情况。拉取会带回旧的那个。",
  "Your commit {0} “{1}” from {2}": "你的提交 {0} “{1}”，来自 {2}",
+ "Your commits replaced the version the remote still has — amending a pushed commit does this. Pulling would bring the old one back.": "你的多个提交替换了远程仍持有的版本 — 修改已推送的提交会导致这种情况。拉取会带回旧的那个。",
+ "Your commits replaced versions the remote still has — amending a pushed commit does this. Pulling would bring the old one back.": "你的多个提交替换了远程仍持有的多个版本 — 修改已推送的提交会导致这种情况。拉取会带回旧的那个。",
  "Your commits stay. The PR's newer commits aren't brought in.": "你的提交会保留。该 PR 较新的提交不会被引入。",
  "Your commits stay. The pull request's newer commits aren't brought in: pull to merge them.": "你的提交会保留。该拉取请求较新的提交不会被引入：请拉取以合并它们。",
  "Your history will appear here after the first commit.": "第一次提交后，你的历史将显示在这里。",
@@ -2466,7 +2470,6 @@
  "Your uncommitted changes to {0} are in the way of {1} — ": "你对 {0} 的未提交更改妨碍了{1} — ",
  "Your uncommitted changes touch files the {0} changed. Commit or stash them, then undo.": "你的未提交更改涉及{0}所改动的文件。请先提交或贮藏它们，然后撤销。",
  "Your verdict": "你的结论",
- "Your {0} replaced the {1} the remote still has — amending a pushed commit does this. Pulling would bring the old one back.": "你的{0}替换了远程仍持有的{1} — 修改已推送的提交会导致这种情况。拉取会带回旧的那个。",
  "Yours": "你的",
  "Yours {0}, theirs {1}: the result keeps {2}.": "你的 {0}，他们的 {1}：结果保留 {2}。",
  "[$(arrow-up) Push](command:gitstudio.sync.push)": "[$(arrow-up) 推送](command:gitstudio.sync.push)",
@@ -2895,8 +2898,6 @@
  "use the commit as-is": "按原样使用该提交",
  "uses {0}": "使用 {0}",
  "v1.2.0   a1b2c3d   origin/main~3": "v1.2.0   a1b2c3d   origin/main~3",
- "version": "版本",
- "versions": "版本",
  "wants to merge": "想合并",
  "week": "周",
  "weeks": "周",
diff --git a/apps/extension/src/statusBar/syncStatus.ts b/apps/extension/src/statusBar/syncStatus.ts
index ab41d014..6f81ce95 100644
--- a/apps/extension/src/statusBar/syncStatus.ts
+++ b/apps/extension/src/statusBar/syncStatus.ts
@@ -521,11 +521,15 @@ export class SyncStatusItem implements vscode.Disposable {
   }): Promise<boolean | undefined> {
     const choice = await promptPick({
       title: l10n.t("This branch was rewritten"),
-      hint: l10n.t(
-        "Your {0} replaced the {1} the remote still has — amending a pushed commit does this. Pulling would bring the old one back.",
-        ab.ahead === 1 ? l10n.t("commit") : l10n.t("commits"),
-        ab.behind === 1 ? l10n.t("version") : l10n.t("versions"),
-      ),
+      // Whole sentences, one per count: a translation reorders the words.
+      hint:
+        ab.ahead === 1
+          ? ab.behind === 1
+            ? l10n.t("Your commit replaced the version the remote still has — amending a pushed commit does this. Pulling would bring the old one back.")
+            : l10n.t("Your commit replaced versions the remote still has — amending a pushed commit does this. Pulling would bring the old one back.")
+          : ab.behind === 1
+            ? l10n.t("Your commits replaced the version the remote still has — amending a pushed commit does this. Pulling would bring the old one back.")
+            : l10n.t("Your commits replaced versions the remote still has — amending a pushed commit does this. Pulling would bring the old one back."),
       choices: [
         {
           id: "force",
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 2b8d4760..84786a2b 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -4815,6 +4815,7 @@
         "@gitstudio/ai": "*",
         "@gitstudio/engine": "*",
         "@gitstudio/host-bridge": "*",
+        "@gitstudio/l10n": "*",
         "@vscode/l10n": "^0.0.18"
       }
     },
diff --git a/packages/git-service/package.json b/packages/git-service/package.json
index 6befe17a..77f9550f 100644
--- a/packages/git-service/package.json
+++ b/packages/git-service/package.json
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
     "@gitstudio/ai": "*",
     "@gitstudio/engine": "*",
     "@gitstudio/host-bridge": "*",
+    "@gitstudio/l10n": "*",
     "@vscode/l10n": "^0.0.18"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/git-service/src/SnapshotProvider.ts b/packages/git-service/src/SnapshotProvider.ts
index 561a902f..0d0903eb 100644
--- a/packages/git-service/src/SnapshotProvider.ts
+++ b/packages/git-service/src/SnapshotProvider.ts
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import {
 import { placeHolds, restoreStash, stashStack, type StashSlot } from "./stashRestore";
 import { stashTitle } from "./StashProvider";
 import * as l10n from "@vscode/l10n";
+import { englishOf } from "@gitstudio/l10n/index";
 
 /**
  * A record of what an operation is about to change, and — once it has run and
@@ -319,7 +320,7 @@ export class SnapshotProvider {
     let stashSha: string | null = null;
     let uncopied: NoCopy | undefined;
     if (!refsOnly && (await this.isDirty(opts))) {
-      const created = await this.process.run(["stash", "create", label], opts);
+      const created = await this.process.run(["stash", "create", englishOf(label)], opts);
       if (created.code === 0) {
         // `stash create` prints nothing (empty) when there's nothing to stash.
         stashSha = created.stdout.trim() || null;
@@ -740,7 +741,7 @@ export class SnapshotProvider {
   async execute(snap: Snapshot, steps: readonly RestoreStep[], opts?: GitRunOptions): Promise<void> {
     // English on purpose: git writes this into the reflog, where `git reflog`
     // shows it to whoever reads the repository, whatever their editor says.
-    const message = `GitStudio undo: ${snap.label}`;
+    const message = `GitStudio undo: ${englishOf(snap.label)}`;
     for (const st of steps) {
       switch (st.do) {
         case "abort-rebase": {
@@ -836,7 +837,8 @@ export class SnapshotProvider {
     }
     // English on purpose: this is a commit message, stored in the repository
     // itself and read by everyone who looks at the history.
-    const msg = `Revert "${snap.label}"\n\nThis puts back the files as they were before "${snap.label}" (${shortSha(p.from)}), which had already been pushed as ${shortSha(p.to)}.\n`;
+    const label = englishOf(snap.label);
+    const msg = `Revert "${label}"\n\nThis puts back the files as they were before "${label}" (${shortSha(p.from)}), which had already been pushed as ${shortSha(p.to)}.\n`;
     const made = await this.process.run(["commit-tree", `${p.from}^{tree}`, "-p", p.to, "-F", "-"], { ...opts, input: msg });
     if (made.code !== 0) return made;
     // The new commit's parent is `p.to`: moving HEAD onto it from anywhere
diff --git a/packages/git-service/src/dropCommit.ts b/packages/git-service/src/dropCommit.ts
index 3b7f34ff..1c61013b 100644
--- a/packages/git-service/src/dropCommit.ts
+++ b/packages/git-service/src/dropCommit.ts
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import {
   type RefMove,
 } from "./refRestore";
 import * as l10n from "@vscode/l10n";
+import { englishOf } from "@gitstudio/l10n/index";
 
 // Drop Commit (issue #32), for both products.
 //
@@ -464,7 +465,7 @@ async function undoOnBranch(
 /** The reflog entry an undo of `what` writes on each branch it puts back. */
 function undoReflog(what: string): string {
   // English on purpose: a reflog entry, stored in the repository itself.
-  return what === "drop" ? "GitStudio undo: drop commit" : `GitStudio undo: ${what}`;
+  return what === "drop" ? "GitStudio undo: drop commit" : `GitStudio undo: ${englishOf(what)}`;
 }
 
 /** The carried branches back, each by compare-and-swap. */
diff --git a/packages/l10n/package.json b/packages/l10n/package.json
index afaa59a7..63048d29 100644
--- a/packages/l10n/package.json
+++ b/packages/l10n/package.json
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@
     "./*": "./src/*.ts"
   },
   "scripts": {
-    "check-types": "tsc --noEmit -p tsconfig.json"
+    "check-types": "tsc --noEmit -p tsconfig.json",
+    "test": "tsx --import ../../scripts/test/hermetic-git.mjs --test \"test/**/*.test.ts\""
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "@vscode/l10n": "^0.0.18"
diff --git a/packages/l10n/src/index.ts b/packages/l10n/src/index.ts
index 81667d1c..6c481e26 100644
--- a/packages/l10n/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/l10n/src/index.ts
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ export function configureL10n(uri: { fsPath: string } | undefined): void {
   bundleText = undefined;
   locale = undefined;
   scriptCache = undefined;
+  reverse = undefined;
   if (!uri) {
     return;
   }
@@ -158,3 +159,69 @@ export function currentBundle(): l10nJsonFormat | undefined {
     return undefined;
   }
 }
+
+/** Each translation as a pattern that gives its English message back. */
+type Reverse = { exact: Map<string, string>; patterns: { re: RegExp; names: string[]; message: string }[] };
+let reverse: Reverse | undefined;
+
+/**
+ * The English a translated message was made from: "合并 feat" → "Merge feat".
+ *
+ * For what git stores in the repository — a reflog entry, a stash's message, a
+ * commit message — which everyone who reads the history sees, whatever
+ * language GitStudio was showing the person who ran the operation. The label
+ * those are built from is the one the UI showed, so it is turned back here
+ * rather than threading a second, English label through every caller.
+ *
+ * Arguments are matched as wildcards and turned back on their own when they are
+ * whole messages ("提交" → "commit"); a branch name stays as written. Text no
+ * translation produces (English, or no bundle at all) is handed back unchanged.
+ */
+export function englishOf(text: string): string {
+  if (!reverse) {
+    const bundle = currentBundle();
+    if (!bundle) return text;
+    reverse = buildReverse(bundle);
+  }
+  const exact = reverse.exact.get(text);
+  if (exact !== undefined) return exact;
+  for (const { re, names, message } of reverse.patterns) {
+    const m = re.exec(text);
+    if (!m) continue;
+    return message.replace(/\{([^}]+)\}/g, (whole, key: string) => {
+      const at = names.indexOf(key);
+      if (at < 0) return whole;
+      const value = m[at + 1] ?? "";
+      return reverse?.exact.get(value) ?? value;
+    });
+  }
+  return text;
+}
+
+function buildReverse(bundle: l10nJsonFormat): Reverse {
+  const exact = new Map<string, string>();
+  const patterns: Reverse["patterns"] = [];
+  for (const [message, entry] of Object.entries(bundle)) {
+    const translated = typeof entry === "string" ? entry : entry.message;
+    if (!translated || translated === message) continue;
+    const parts = translated.split(/\{([^}]+)\}/);
+    if (parts.length === 1) {
+      if (!exact.has(translated)) exact.set(translated, message);
+      continue;
+    }
+    const names: string[] = [];
+    let source = "^";
+    parts.forEach((part, i) => {
+      if (i % 2) {
+        names.push(part);
+        source += "([\\s\\S]+?)";
+      } else {
+        source += part.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, "\\$&");
+      }
+    });
+    patterns.push({ re: new RegExp(`${source}$`), names, message });
+  }
+  // The longest literal text first: "{0} 已推送" must not win over "{0} 已推送到 {1}".
+  patterns.sort((a, b) => b.re.source.length - a.re.source.length);
+  return { exact, patterns };
+}
diff --git a/packages/l10n/test/englishOf.test.ts b/packages/l10n/test/englishOf.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e7485653
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/l10n/test/englishOf.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// englishOf turns what the UI showed back into the English git should store.
+import assert from "node:assert/strict";
+import { mkdtempSync, rmSync, writeFileSync } from "node:fs";
+import { tmpdir } from "node:os";
+import { join } from "node:path";
+import { test } from "node:test";
+
+import { configureL10n, englishOf } from "../src/index";
+
+function withBundle(bundle: Record<string, string>, t: { after(fn: () => void): void }): void {
+  const dir = mkdtempSync(join(tmpdir(), "gs-l10n-"));
+  const file = join(dir, "bundle.l10n.zh-cn.json");
+  writeFileSync(file, JSON.stringify(bundle));
+  configureL10n({ fsPath: file });
+  t.after(() => {
+    configureL10n(undefined);
+    rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  });
+}
+
+test("English, or no bundle at all, comes back as it went in", () => {
+  configureL10n(undefined);
+  assert.equal(englishOf("Merge feat into main"), "Merge feat into main");
+});
+
+test("a translated label turns back into its English message, the names in it kept", (t) => {
+  withBundle({ "Merge {0} into {1}": "将 {0} 合并到 {1}", "Drop commit": "丢弃提交", "{0} pushed": "{0} 已推送", "{0} pushed to {1}": "{0} 已推送到 {1}" }, t);
+  assert.equal(englishOf("将 feat/登录 合并到 main"), "Merge feat/登录 into main");
+  assert.equal(englishOf("丢弃提交"), "Drop commit");
+  assert.equal(englishOf("main 已推送到 origin"), "main pushed to origin", "the longer pattern wins");
+  assert.equal(englishOf("main 已推送"), "main pushed");
+});
+
+test("an argument that is itself a whole message turns back too", (t) => {
+  withBundle({ "Reorder {0}": "重新排序{0}", "commits": "提交" }, t);
+  assert.equal(englishOf("重新排序提交"), "Reorder commits");
+});
+
+test("text no translation produced is handed back unchanged", (t) => {
+  withBundle({ "Merge {0} into {1}": "将 {0} 合并到 {1}" }, t);
+  assert.equal(englishOf("something a person typed"), "something a person typed");
+});
diff --git a/packages/merge-vscode/src/dashboardController.ts b/packages/merge-vscode/src/dashboardController.ts
index c96f7805..2325fa50 100644
--- a/packages/merge-vscode/src/dashboardController.ts
+++ b/packages/merge-vscode/src/dashboardController.ts
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ const NO_OP: ConflictsState["op"] = {
   yours: { role: "yours", stage: 2, name: "", paneTitle: "", description: "" },
   theirs: { role: "theirs", stage: 3, name: "", paneTitle: "", description: "" },
   // English sentinel: abortLabel() replaces it with a specific, localized word.
-  verbs: { abort: l10n.t("Cancel") },
+  verbs: { abort: "Cancel" },
   canContinue: false,
   canSkip: false,
   episode: "none",
diff --git a/scripts/i18n/bundle-nls.mjs b/scripts/i18n/bundle-nls.mjs
index 342df156..21b1c86a 100644
--- a/scripts/i18n/bundle-nls.mjs
+++ b/scripts/i18n/bundle-nls.mjs
@@ -129,7 +129,18 @@ for (const file of files) {
     report(`${file}: placeholders changed for ${JSON.stringify(key)}: expected ${placeholders(source[key]).map((p) => `{${p}}`).join(" ")} got ${placeholders(translated[key]).map((p) => `{${p}}`).join(" ")}`);
   }
   if (broken.length > 5) report(`${file}: ${broken.length - 5} more message(s) with changed placeholders`);
-  if (!missing.length && !extra.length && !blank.length && !broken.length) {
+
+  // Translations reach pages through innerHTML and quoted attributes, which
+  // trust the English source not to carry markup. A translation may not add a
+  // character that markup or an attribute would read: < > & " beyond what its
+  // English source already has.
+  const count = (text, ch) => String(text).split(ch).length - 1;
+  const markup = keys.filter((key) => ["<", ">", "&", '"'].some((ch) => count(translated[key], ch) > count(source[key], ch)));
+  for (const key of markup.slice(0, 5)) {
+    report(`${file}: adds markup characters (< > & ") the English does not have, in ${JSON.stringify(key)}: ${JSON.stringify(translated[key])}`);
+  }
+  if (markup.length > 5) report(`${file}: ${markup.length - 5} more message(s) adding markup characters`);
+  if (!missing.length && !extra.length && !blank.length && !broken.length && !markup.length) {
     console.log(`bundle-nls: ${file} covers all ${keys.length} messages`);
   }
 }