From 0b7ae17528369b111c5e7500bfcfbab58dc04739 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Jul 2026 00:15:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 01/27] Update CI build and test workflow

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml      | 133 +++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 cmake/SetupCMakeProject.cmake |  25 ++++++-
 2 files changed, 105 insertions(+), 53 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 2e48bb99..02d8551f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -2,77 +2,110 @@ name: CI
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [ "main", "tile-downloader" ]
   pull_request:
     branches: [ "main", "tile-downloader" ]
 
 env:
   BUILD_TYPE: Release
+  CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
+  CCACHE_MAXSIZE: 1G
 
 jobs:
-  build-terrainbuilder:
+  build-and-test:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       with:
-       submodules: true
+        submodules: true
 
-    - name: Install dependencies
-      run: sudo apt-get install libfmt-dev libglm-dev libgdal-dev catch2 libfreeimage-dev libtbb-dev
-      
-    - name: Configure CMake
-      run: cmake -B ${{github.workspace}}/build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${{env.BUILD_TYPE}}
+    - name: Install system dependencies
+      run: |
+        sudo apt-get update
+        sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+          ccache \
+          extra-cmake-modules \
+          libcurl4-openssl-dev \
+          libegl1-mesa-dev \
+          libgl1-mesa-dev \
+          libglm-dev \
+          libgmp-dev \
+          libjpeg-dev \
+          libmpfr-dev \
+          libpng-dev \
+          libsqlite3-dev \
+          libtbb-dev \
+          libtiff-dev \
+          libwayland-bin \
+          libwayland-dev \
+          libxkbcommon-dev \
+          ninja-build \
+          pkg-config \
+          sqlite3 \
+          wayland-protocols \
+          xorg-dev \
+          zlib1g-dev
 
-    - name: Build
-      run: cmake --build ${{github.workspace}}/build --config ${{env.BUILD_TYPE}} --target terrainbuilder
-      
-  build-tile-downloader:
-    if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/tile-downloader'
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    - name: Cache installed CMake dependencies
+      uses: actions/cache@v4
+      with:
+        path: |
+          build/alp_external/boost
+          build/alp_external/proj
+          build/alp_external/gdal
+          build/alp_external/cgal
+          build/alp_external/opencv
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-alp-installs-${{ env.BUILD_TYPE }}-${{ hashFiles('CMakeLists.txt', 'src/CMakeLists.txt', 'cmake/*.cmake') }}
+        restore-keys: |
+          ${{ runner.os }}-alp-installs-${{ env.BUILD_TYPE }}-
 
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - name: Cache ccache
+      uses: actions/cache@v4
       with:
-       submodules: true
+        path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-ccache-${{ github.ref_name }}-${{ github.sha }}
+        restore-keys: |
+          ${{ runner.os }}-ccache-${{ github.ref_name }}-
+          ${{ runner.os }}-ccache-
 
-    - name: Install dependencies
-      run: sudo apt-get install libfmt-dev libglm-dev libgdal-dev catch2 libfreeimage-dev libtbb-dev libcurl4-openssl-dev
-      
-    - name: Configure CMake
-      run: cmake -B ${{github.workspace}}/build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${{env.BUILD_TYPE}}
+    - name: Configure ccache
+      run: |
+        ccache --max-size="${CCACHE_MAXSIZE}"
+        ccache --zero-stats
 
-    - name: Build
-      run: cmake --build ${{github.workspace}}/build --config ${{env.BUILD_TYPE}} --target tile-downloader
-      
-  test:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    - name: Configure CMake
+      run: >
+        cmake
+        -S "${{ github.workspace }}"
+        -B "${{ github.workspace }}/build"
+        -G Ninja
+        -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${{ env.BUILD_TYPE }}
+        -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER_LAUNCHER=ccache
+        -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_LAUNCHER=ccache
 
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      with:
-       submodules: true
+    - name: Build all targets
+      run: cmake --build "${{ github.workspace }}/build" --config ${{ env.BUILD_TYPE }} --parallel --target all
 
-    - name: Install dependencies
-      run: sudo apt-get install libfmt-dev libglm-dev libgdal-dev catch2 libfreeimage-dev libtbb-dev
-      
-    - name: Configure CMake
-      run: cmake -B ${{github.workspace}}/build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${{env.BUILD_TYPE}}
+    - name: ccache stats
+      if: always()
+      run: ccache --show-stats
 
-    - name: Build
-      run: cmake --build ${{github.workspace}}/build --config ${{env.BUILD_TYPE}} --target unittests_terrainlib
-    
-    - uses: actions/cache@v3
+    - name: Cache unit test data
       id: terrain_builder_unittest_data
+      uses: actions/cache@v4
       with:
-        path: ./unittests/data
-        key: terrain_builder_unittest_data.tar.gz
-  
-    - name: Download data
-      if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-      run: wget -qO- https://gataki.cg.tuwien.ac.at/raw/terrain_builder_unittest_data.tar.gz | tar xvz -C ./unittests/
+        path: unittests/data
+        key: terrain-builder-unittest-data-v1
 
-    - name: Test
-      working-directory: ${{github.workspace}}/build
-      run: ./unittests/unittests_terrainlib
+    - name: Download unit test data
+      if: steps.terrain_builder_unittest_data.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+      run: wget -qO- https://gataki.cg.tuwien.ac.at/raw/terrain_builder_unittest_data.tar.gz | tar xz -C unittests
 
+    - name: Run unit tests
+      working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}/build
+      run: |
+        ./unittests/unittests_terrainlib "~mesh::clip_on_bounds benchmark"
+        ./unittests/unittests_tilebuilder
+        ./unittests/unittests_meshbuilder
+        ./unittests/unittests_dagbuilder
+        ./unittests/unittests_sfmerger
diff --git a/cmake/SetupCMakeProject.cmake b/cmake/SetupCMakeProject.cmake
index ad72db11..2c2b94a0 100644
--- a/cmake/SetupCMakeProject.cmake
+++ b/cmake/SetupCMakeProject.cmake
@@ -64,6 +64,15 @@ function(alp_setup_cmake_project arg_NAME)
 
     set(version_var "ALP_INSTALLED_${arg_NAME}_VERSION")
     set(path_var    "ALP_INSTALLED_${arg_NAME}_PATH")
+    set(build_dir   "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/alp_external/${arg_NAME}_build")
+    set(install_dir "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/alp_external/${arg_NAME}")
+    set(stamp_file  "${install_dir}/.alp_install_signature")
+    set(cache_signature "URL=${arg_URL}
+COMMITISH=${arg_COMMITISH}
+BUILD_TYPE=${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE}
+SYSTEM=${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME}-${CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR}
+CXX=${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID}-${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION}
+ARGS=${arg_CMAKE_ARGUMENTS}")
 
     if(DEFINED ${version_var} AND "${${version_var}}" STREQUAL "${arg_COMMITISH}${arg_CMAKE_ARGUMENTS}" AND DEFINED ${path_var} AND EXISTS "${${path_var}}")
         list(PREPEND CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH "${${path_var}}")
@@ -71,13 +80,24 @@ function(alp_setup_cmake_project arg_NAME)
         return()
     endif()
 
+    if(EXISTS "${install_dir}" AND EXISTS "${stamp_file}")
+        file(READ "${stamp_file}" installed_signature)
+        if(installed_signature STREQUAL cache_signature)
+            message(STATUS "[alp] Using cached install for ${arg_NAME}: ${install_dir}")
+            list(PREPEND CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH "${install_dir}")
+            set(CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH "${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH}" PARENT_SCOPE)
+            set(${path_var}    "${install_dir}"   CACHE PATH   "Install path for ${arg_NAME}"            FORCE)
+            set(${version_var} "${arg_COMMITISH}${arg_CMAKE_ARGUMENTS}" CACHE STRING "Installed commit/tag for $ + build flags"    FORCE)
+            return()
+        endif()
+    endif()
+
     alp_add_git_repository(${arg_NAME} URL ${arg_URL} COMMITISH ${arg_COMMITISH} DO_NOT_ADD_SUBPROJECT)
     set(src_dir     "${${arg_NAME}_SOURCE_DIR}")
-    set(build_dir   "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/alp_external/${arg_NAME}_build")
-    set(install_dir "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/alp_external/${arg_NAME}")
 
     file(REMOVE_RECURSE "${install_dir}")
     _alp_build_and_install(${arg_NAME} ${src_dir} ${build_dir} ${install_dir} ${arg_CMAKE_ARGUMENTS})
+    file(WRITE "${stamp_file}" "${cache_signature}")
 
     list(PREPEND CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH "${install_dir}")
     set(CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH "${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH}" PARENT_SCOPE)
@@ -87,4 +107,3 @@ function(alp_setup_cmake_project arg_NAME)
     set(${version_var} "${arg_COMMITISH}${arg_CMAKE_ARGUMENTS}" CACHE STRING "Installed commit/tag for $ + build flags"    FORCE)
 endfunction()
 
-

From 025968988252a2dabf1f77577ea1721d6a07a6b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Jul 2026 00:38:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 02/27] Improve CI dependency cache iteration

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 src/CMakeLists.txt       |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 02d8551f..2a823ca8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -46,8 +46,9 @@ jobs:
           xorg-dev \
           zlib1g-dev
 
-    - name: Cache installed CMake dependencies
-      uses: actions/cache@v4
+    - name: Restore installed CMake dependencies
+      id: cmake_dependency_cache
+      uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
       with:
         path: |
           build/alp_external/boost
@@ -59,11 +60,12 @@ jobs:
         restore-keys: |
           ${{ runner.os }}-alp-installs-${{ env.BUILD_TYPE }}-
 
-    - name: Cache ccache
-      uses: actions/cache@v4
+    - name: Restore ccache
+      id: ccache_cache
+      uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
       with:
         path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
-        key: ${{ runner.os }}-ccache-${{ github.ref_name }}-${{ github.sha }}
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-ccache-${{ github.ref_name }}-${{ github.run_id }}-${{ github.run_attempt }}
         restore-keys: |
           ${{ runner.os }}-ccache-${{ github.ref_name }}-
           ${{ runner.os }}-ccache-
@@ -83,6 +85,18 @@ jobs:
         -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER_LAUNCHER=ccache
         -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_LAUNCHER=ccache
 
+    - name: Save installed CMake dependencies
+      if: steps.cmake_dependency_cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+      uses: actions/cache/save@v4
+      with:
+        path: |
+          build/alp_external/boost
+          build/alp_external/proj
+          build/alp_external/gdal
+          build/alp_external/cgal
+          build/alp_external/opencv
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-alp-installs-${{ env.BUILD_TYPE }}-${{ hashFiles('CMakeLists.txt', 'src/CMakeLists.txt', 'cmake/*.cmake') }}
+
     - name: Build all targets
       run: cmake --build "${{ github.workspace }}/build" --config ${{ env.BUILD_TYPE }} --parallel --target all
 
@@ -90,6 +104,13 @@ jobs:
       if: always()
       run: ccache --show-stats
 
+    - name: Save ccache
+      if: always()
+      uses: actions/cache/save@v4
+      with:
+        path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-ccache-${{ github.ref_name }}-${{ github.run_id }}-${{ github.run_attempt }}
+
     - name: Cache unit test data
       id: terrain_builder_unittest_data
       uses: actions/cache@v4
diff --git a/src/CMakeLists.txt b/src/CMakeLists.txt
index c9efb5aa..6771146b 100644
--- a/src/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ alp_add_git_repository(eigen URL https://gitlab.com/libeigen/eigen.git COMMITISH
 add_library(Eigen3 INTERFACE)
 target_include_directories(Eigen3 INTERFACE SYSTEM ${eigen_SOURCE_DIR})
 
-alp_setup_cmake_project(boost URL https://github.com/boostorg/boost.git COMMITISH "boost-1.88.0" CMAKE_ARGUMENTS -DBOOST_ENABLE_PYTHON=OFF -DBUILD_TESTING=OFF "-DBOOST_INCLUDE_LIBRARIES='graph\;multiprecision\;heap\;format'")
+alp_setup_cmake_project(boost URL https://github.com/boostorg/boost.git COMMITISH "boost-1.88.0" CMAKE_ARGUMENTS -DBOOST_ENABLE_PYTHON=OFF -DBUILD_TESTING=OFF "-DBOOST_INCLUDE_LIBRARIES='graph\;multiprecision\;heap\;format\;logic'")
 find_package(Boost CONFIG REQUIRED)
 
 include(../cmake/SetupGDAL.cmake)

From d5b955c4a471f7a5b22e6c8af5cc38d282da75b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Jul 2026 01:08:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 03/27] Set CI test runtime library path

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 2a823ca8..9036d421 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -125,6 +125,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: Run unit tests
       working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}/build
       run: |
+        export LD_LIBRARY_PATH="${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/proj/lib:${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/proj/lib64:${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/gdal/lib:${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/gdal/lib64:${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/opencv/lib:${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/opencv/lib64:${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/boost/lib:${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/boost/lib64:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:-}"
         ./unittests/unittests_terrainlib "~mesh::clip_on_bounds benchmark"
         ./unittests/unittests_tilebuilder
         ./unittests/unittests_meshbuilder

From 9950ae482bcdfff690f345558b7c6ea63165404e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Jul 2026 01:23:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 04/27] Set CI geodata runtime paths

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 15 ++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 9036d421..8be3ffda 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -126,8 +126,13 @@ jobs:
       working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}/build
       run: |
         export LD_LIBRARY_PATH="${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/proj/lib:${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/proj/lib64:${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/gdal/lib:${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/gdal/lib64:${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/opencv/lib:${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/opencv/lib64:${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/boost/lib:${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/boost/lib64:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:-}"
-        ./unittests/unittests_terrainlib "~mesh::clip_on_bounds benchmark"
-        ./unittests/unittests_tilebuilder
-        ./unittests/unittests_meshbuilder
-        ./unittests/unittests_dagbuilder
-        ./unittests/unittests_sfmerger
+        export PROJ_DATA="${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/proj/share/proj"
+        export PROJ_LIB="${PROJ_DATA}"
+        export GDAL_DATA="${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/gdal/share/gdal"
+        status=0
+        ./unittests/unittests_terrainlib "~mesh::clip_on_bounds benchmark" || status=$?
+        ./unittests/unittests_tilebuilder || status=$?
+        ./unittests/unittests_meshbuilder || status=$?
+        ./unittests/unittests_dagbuilder || status=$?
+        ./unittests/unittests_sfmerger || status=$?
+        exit $status

From d9b4a28c7f82f3aa6124c13bf28642d5d3422657 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Jul 2026 02:08:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 05/27] Avoid CI library path setup

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml                  |  1 -
 cmake/SetupGDAL.cmake                     |  2 +-
 src/terrainlib/Dataset.cpp                |  6 ++++++
 src/terrainlib/Dataset.h                  |  6 +++++-
 unittests/tilebuilder/dataset_reading.cpp | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 8be3ffda..d7d4e0b8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -125,7 +125,6 @@ jobs:
     - name: Run unit tests
       working-directory: ${{ github.workspace }}/build
       run: |
-        export LD_LIBRARY_PATH="${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/proj/lib:${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/proj/lib64:${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/gdal/lib:${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/gdal/lib64:${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/opencv/lib:${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/opencv/lib64:${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/boost/lib:${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/boost/lib64:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:-}"
         export PROJ_DATA="${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/proj/share/proj"
         export PROJ_LIB="${PROJ_DATA}"
         export GDAL_DATA="${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/gdal/share/gdal"
diff --git a/cmake/SetupGDAL.cmake b/cmake/SetupGDAL.cmake
index b16081ba..c1e2185c 100644
--- a/cmake/SetupGDAL.cmake
+++ b/cmake/SetupGDAL.cmake
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ function(alp_setup_gdal)
             -DBUILD_CSHARP_BINDINGS=OFF
             -DGDAL_USE_ICONV=OFF
             -DGDAL_USE_EXTERNAL_LIBS=OFF
+            "-DCMAKE_INSTALL_RPATH=\$ORIGIN/../../proj/lib"
         )
 
     find_package(GDAL CONFIG REQUIRED)
     set(CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH "${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH}" PARENT_SCOPE)
 endfunction()
-
diff --git a/src/terrainlib/Dataset.cpp b/src/terrainlib/Dataset.cpp
index fce50853..fbd77975 100644
--- a/src/terrainlib/Dataset.cpp
+++ b/src/terrainlib/Dataset.cpp
@@ -38,6 +38,12 @@ static GDALDataset *open_gdal_dataset(const std::filesystem::path &path, unsigne
     return static_cast<GDALDataset *>(GDALOpenEx(path_str.c_str(), flags, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr));
 }
 
+void GdalDatasetDeleter::operator()(GDALDataset *dataset) const {
+    if (dataset) {
+        GDALClose(dataset);
+    }
+}
+
 std::optional<Dataset> Dataset::open_raster(std::filesystem::path path) {
     if (GDALDataset *dataset = open_gdal_dataset(path, GDAL_OF_RASTER)) {
         return std::optional<Dataset>(std::move(Dataset(path, dataset)));
diff --git a/src/terrainlib/Dataset.h b/src/terrainlib/Dataset.h
index 0e9c96e7..5f31df4d 100644
--- a/src/terrainlib/Dataset.h
+++ b/src/terrainlib/Dataset.h
@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@
 class GDALDataset;
 class OGRSpatialReference;
 
+struct GdalDatasetDeleter {
+    void operator()(GDALDataset *dataset) const;
+};
+
 class Dataset {
 public:
     Dataset(std::filesystem::path path);
@@ -66,6 +70,6 @@ class Dataset {
 
 private:
     Dataset(const std::filesystem::path path, GDALDataset *dataset);
-    std::unique_ptr<GDALDataset> m_gdal_dataset;
+    std::unique_ptr<GDALDataset, GdalDatasetDeleter> m_gdal_dataset;
     std::optional<std::filesystem::path> m_path;
 };
diff --git a/unittests/tilebuilder/dataset_reading.cpp b/unittests/tilebuilder/dataset_reading.cpp
index fabbf5e2..e4c0c37c 100644
--- a/unittests/tilebuilder/dataset_reading.cpp
+++ b/unittests/tilebuilder/dataset_reading.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
  *****************************************************************************/
 
 #include <array>
+#include <memory>
 #include <numeric>
 #include <string>
 #include <tuple>
@@ -30,6 +31,22 @@
 
 using namespace radix;
 
+namespace {
+void require_projection_available(const Dataset& dataset, const OGRSpatialReference& target_srs)
+{
+    const auto dataset_srs = dataset.srs();
+    const auto source_bounds = dataset.bounds();
+
+    std::shared_ptr<OGRCoordinateTransformation> transform;
+    REQUIRE_NOTHROW(transform = srs::transformation(dataset_srs, target_srs));
+    REQUIRE(transform != nullptr);
+
+    std::array xs = { (source_bounds.min.x + source_bounds.max.x) / 2.0 };
+    std::array ys = { (source_bounds.min.y + source_bounds.max.y) / 2.0 };
+    REQUIRE(transform->Transform(static_cast<int>(xs.size()), xs.data(), ys.data()));
+}
+}
+
 TEST_CASE("reading")
 {
     const std::vector at100m = {
@@ -97,6 +114,7 @@ TEST_CASE("reading")
 
                     const auto srs_bounds = srs::nonExactBoundsTransform(geodetic_bounds, geodetic_srs, srs);
 
+                    require_projection_available(*dataset, srs);
                     const DatasetReader reader(dataset, srs, 1);
                     if (ATB_UNITTESTS_DEBUG_IMAGES) {
                         const auto heights = reader.read(srs_bounds, 1000, 1000);
@@ -148,6 +166,7 @@ TEST_CASE("reading")
             auto [test_name, datasets, ref_bounds, render_width, render_height, max_abs_diff, max_mse] = test;
 
             const auto ref_dataset = Dataset::open_shared_raster(ATB_TEST_DATA_DIR + std::string(datasets.front())).value();
+            require_projection_available(*ref_dataset, geodetic_srs);
             const auto ref_reader = DatasetReader(ref_dataset, geodetic_srs, 1);
             const auto ref_heights = ref_reader.read(ref_bounds, render_width, render_height);
             if (ATB_UNITTESTS_DEBUG_IMAGES)
@@ -155,6 +174,7 @@ TEST_CASE("reading")
 
             for (std::string dataset_name : datasets) {
                 const auto dataset = Dataset::open_shared_raster(ATB_TEST_DATA_DIR + std::string(dataset_name)).value();
+                require_projection_available(*dataset, geodetic_srs);
                 const auto reader = DatasetReader(dataset, geodetic_srs, 1);
                 const auto heights = reader.read(ref_bounds, render_width, render_height);
 

From dbeb24eddb1bb5fb572d03cfab83ce57aec3d4d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Jul 2026 11:47:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 06/27] Test CI with newer compiler matrix

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 55 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 44 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index d7d4e0b8..720c1f09 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -6,13 +6,35 @@ on:
     branches: [ "main", "tile-downloader" ]
 
 env:
-  BUILD_TYPE: Release
   CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache
   CCACHE_MAXSIZE: 1G
 
 jobs:
   build-and-test:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    name: ${{ matrix.name }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - name: gcc-14-normal
+            cc: gcc-14
+            cxx: g++-14
+            build_type: Release
+            sanitizer: normal
+            cmake_flags: ""
+          - name: clang-18-asan
+            cc: clang-18
+            cxx: clang++-18
+            build_type: RelWithDebInfo
+            sanitizer: asan
+            cmake_flags: -DALP_ENABLE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER=ON
+          - name: clang-23-tsan
+            cc: clang-23
+            cxx: clang++-23
+            build_type: RelWithDebInfo
+            sanitizer: tsan
+            cmake_flags: -DALP_ENABLE_THREAD_SANITIZER=ON
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -46,6 +68,14 @@ jobs:
           xorg-dev \
           zlib1g-dev
 
+    - name: Install LLVM 23
+      if: matrix.sanitizer == 'tsan'
+      run: |
+        wget -qO /tmp/llvm.sh https://apt.llvm.org/llvm.sh
+        chmod +x /tmp/llvm.sh
+        sudo /tmp/llvm.sh 23
+        sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends libclang-rt-23-dev
+
     - name: Restore installed CMake dependencies
       id: cmake_dependency_cache
       uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
@@ -56,19 +86,19 @@ jobs:
           build/alp_external/gdal
           build/alp_external/cgal
           build/alp_external/opencv
-        key: ${{ runner.os }}-alp-installs-${{ env.BUILD_TYPE }}-${{ hashFiles('CMakeLists.txt', 'src/CMakeLists.txt', 'cmake/*.cmake') }}
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-alp-installs-${{ matrix.name }}-${{ matrix.build_type }}-${{ matrix.sanitizer }}-${{ hashFiles('CMakeLists.txt', 'src/CMakeLists.txt', 'cmake/*.cmake') }}
         restore-keys: |
-          ${{ runner.os }}-alp-installs-${{ env.BUILD_TYPE }}-
+          ${{ runner.os }}-alp-installs-${{ matrix.name }}-${{ matrix.build_type }}-${{ matrix.sanitizer }}-
 
     - name: Restore ccache
       id: ccache_cache
       uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
       with:
         path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
-        key: ${{ runner.os }}-ccache-${{ github.ref_name }}-${{ github.run_id }}-${{ github.run_attempt }}
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-ccache-${{ matrix.name }}-${{ matrix.sanitizer }}-${{ github.ref_name }}-${{ github.run_id }}-${{ github.run_attempt }}
         restore-keys: |
-          ${{ runner.os }}-ccache-${{ github.ref_name }}-
-          ${{ runner.os }}-ccache-
+          ${{ runner.os }}-ccache-${{ matrix.name }}-${{ matrix.sanitizer }}-${{ github.ref_name }}-
+          ${{ runner.os }}-ccache-${{ matrix.name }}-${{ matrix.sanitizer }}-
 
     - name: Configure ccache
       run: |
@@ -81,9 +111,12 @@ jobs:
         -S "${{ github.workspace }}"
         -B "${{ github.workspace }}/build"
         -G Ninja
-        -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${{ env.BUILD_TYPE }}
+        -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${{ matrix.build_type }}
+        -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=${{ matrix.cc }}
+        -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=${{ matrix.cxx }}
         -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER_LAUNCHER=ccache
         -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_LAUNCHER=ccache
+        ${{ matrix.cmake_flags }}
 
     - name: Save installed CMake dependencies
       if: steps.cmake_dependency_cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
@@ -95,10 +128,10 @@ jobs:
           build/alp_external/gdal
           build/alp_external/cgal
           build/alp_external/opencv
-        key: ${{ runner.os }}-alp-installs-${{ env.BUILD_TYPE }}-${{ hashFiles('CMakeLists.txt', 'src/CMakeLists.txt', 'cmake/*.cmake') }}
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-alp-installs-${{ matrix.name }}-${{ matrix.build_type }}-${{ matrix.sanitizer }}-${{ hashFiles('CMakeLists.txt', 'src/CMakeLists.txt', 'cmake/*.cmake') }}
 
     - name: Build all targets
-      run: cmake --build "${{ github.workspace }}/build" --config ${{ env.BUILD_TYPE }} --parallel --target all
+      run: cmake --build "${{ github.workspace }}/build" --config ${{ matrix.build_type }} --parallel --target all
 
     - name: ccache stats
       if: always()
@@ -109,7 +142,7 @@ jobs:
       uses: actions/cache/save@v4
       with:
         path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
-        key: ${{ runner.os }}-ccache-${{ github.ref_name }}-${{ github.run_id }}-${{ github.run_attempt }}
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-ccache-${{ matrix.name }}-${{ matrix.sanitizer }}-${{ github.ref_name }}-${{ github.run_id }}-${{ github.run_attempt }}
 
     - name: Cache unit test data
       id: terrain_builder_unittest_data

From d30653aeec17f527f54be1ce842945f4b7855b00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Jul 2026 14:06:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 07/27] Update fmt to 12.2.0

---
 src/CMakeLists.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/CMakeLists.txt b/src/CMakeLists.txt
index 6771146b..ea6628e6 100644
--- a/src/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ find_package(TBB REQUIRED)
 find_package(ZLIB REQUIRED)
 find_package(CURL REQUIRED)
 
-alp_add_git_repository(fmt URL https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt COMMITISH 10.2.1)
+alp_add_git_repository(fmt URL https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt COMMITISH 12.2.0)
 alp_add_git_repository(cli11 URL https://github.com/CLIUtils/CLI11.git COMMITISH v2.6.1)
 
 alp_add_git_repository(eigen URL https://gitlab.com/libeigen/eigen.git COMMITISH 3.4.0 DO_NOT_ADD_SUBPROJECT)

From 05ba0a8e7d5a6ad12eaf3c8eab05e3c9b851266a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Jul 2026 14:16:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 08/27] Update spdlog to v1.17.0

---
 src/CMakeLists.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/CMakeLists.txt b/src/CMakeLists.txt
index ea6628e6..ba22589f 100644
--- a/src/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ add_library(tl_expected INTERFACE)
 target_include_directories(tl_expected INTERFACE SYSTEM ${tl_expected_SOURCE_DIR}/include)
 
 set(SPDLOG_FMT_EXTERNAL ON CACHE BOOL "SPDLOG_FMT_EXTERNAL" FORCE)
-alp_add_git_repository(spdlog URL https://github.com/gabime/spdlog.git COMMITISH v1.13.0)
+alp_add_git_repository(spdlog URL https://github.com/gabime/spdlog.git COMMITISH v1.17.0)
 add_compile_definitions(SPDLOG_ACTIVE_LEVEL=SPDLOG_LEVEL_TRACE)
 
 alp_add_git_repository(zpp_bits URL https://github.com/eyalz800/zpp_bits.git COMMITISH v4.5 DO_NOT_ADD_SUBPROJECT)

From 8eeb7c1ebd3fd9348a38175b5af352502d926720 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Jul 2026 18:07:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 09/27] Fix fmt 12 formatter compatibility

---
 src/terrainlib/io/Error.h                   | 2 +-
 src/terrainlib/mesh/io/error.h              | 4 ++--
 src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h                  | 2 +-
 src/terrainlib/octree/NodeStatus.h          | 2 +-
 src/terrainlib/octree/NodeStatusOrMissing.h | 4 ++--
 unittests/terrainlib/mesh_holes.cpp         | 1 +
 6 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/terrainlib/io/Error.h b/src/terrainlib/io/Error.h
index be85f515..831c9842 100644
--- a/src/terrainlib/io/Error.h
+++ b/src/terrainlib/io/Error.h
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ struct fmt::formatter<io::Error> {
     }
 
     template <typename FormatContext>
-    auto format(const io::Error &error, FormatContext &ctx) {
+    auto format(const io::Error &error, FormatContext &ctx) const {
         const char *name = "Unknown";
 
         switch (error) {
diff --git a/src/terrainlib/mesh/io/error.h b/src/terrainlib/mesh/io/error.h
index 4dfc9cd0..40df1267 100644
--- a/src/terrainlib/mesh/io/error.h
+++ b/src/terrainlib/mesh/io/error.h
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ struct fmt::formatter<mesh::io::SaveMeshError> {
     }
 
     template <typename FormatContext>
-    auto format(const mesh::io::SaveMeshError &error, FormatContext &ctx) {
+    auto format(const mesh::io::SaveMeshError &error, FormatContext &ctx) const {
         return fmt::format_to(ctx.out(), "{}", error.description());
     }
 };
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ struct fmt::formatter<mesh::io::LoadMeshError> {
     }
 
     template <typename FormatContext>
-    auto format(const mesh::io::LoadMeshError &error, FormatContext &ctx) {
+    auto format(const mesh::io::LoadMeshError &error, FormatContext &ctx) const {
         return fmt::format_to(ctx.out(), "{}", error.description());
     }
 };
diff --git a/src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h b/src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h
index b73b0d71..1ae28794 100644
--- a/src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h
+++ b/src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ struct fmt::formatter<octree::Id> {
 
     // Format the Id object.
     template <typename FormatContext>
-    auto format(const octree::Id &id, FormatContext &ctx) {
+    auto format(const octree::Id &id, FormatContext &ctx) const {
         return fmt::format_to(
             ctx.out(),
             "Id(level={}, coords=({}, {}, {}), index={})",
diff --git a/src/terrainlib/octree/NodeStatus.h b/src/terrainlib/octree/NodeStatus.h
index 9187bc97..9e00d97c 100644
--- a/src/terrainlib/octree/NodeStatus.h
+++ b/src/terrainlib/octree/NodeStatus.h
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ struct fmt::formatter<octree::NodeStatus> {
     }
 
     template <typename FormatContext>
-    auto format(const octree::NodeStatus &status, FormatContext &ctx) {
+    auto format(const octree::NodeStatus &status, FormatContext &ctx) const {
         switch (status) {
         case octree::NodeStatus::Leaf:
             return fmt::format_to(ctx.out(), "Leaf");
diff --git a/src/terrainlib/octree/NodeStatusOrMissing.h b/src/terrainlib/octree/NodeStatusOrMissing.h
index 803ebc0c..227fc121 100644
--- a/src/terrainlib/octree/NodeStatusOrMissing.h
+++ b/src/terrainlib/octree/NodeStatusOrMissing.h
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ struct fmt::formatter<octree::NodeStatusOrMissing> {
     }
 
     template <typename FormatContext>
-    auto format(const octree::NodeStatusOrMissing &status, FormatContext &ctx) {
+    auto format(const octree::NodeStatusOrMissing &status, FormatContext &ctx) const {
         switch (status) {
         case octree::NodeStatusOrMissing::Leaf:
             return fmt::format_to(ctx.out(), "Leaf");
@@ -140,4 +140,4 @@ consteval bool _verify_enum() {
 }
 static_assert(_verify_enum());
 }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/unittests/terrainlib/mesh_holes.cpp b/unittests/terrainlib/mesh_holes.cpp
index e9d158d0..76805864 100644
--- a/unittests/terrainlib/mesh_holes.cpp
+++ b/unittests/terrainlib/mesh_holes.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include <glm/glm.hpp>
 
 #include <catch2/catch_test_macros.hpp>
+#include <fmt/ranges.h>
 #include <glm/gtx/hash.hpp>
 
 #include "../catch2_helpers.h"

From 2d918023e341cdd0156a7943f2fcea5124e5006c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Jul 2026 23:48:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 10/27] Use Clang 23 for ASAN CI

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 720c1f09..6f14a5aa 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ jobs:
             build_type: Release
             sanitizer: normal
             cmake_flags: ""
-          - name: clang-18-asan
-            cc: clang-18
-            cxx: clang++-18
+          - name: clang-23-asan
+            cc: clang-23
+            cxx: clang++-23
             build_type: RelWithDebInfo
             sanitizer: asan
             cmake_flags: -DALP_ENABLE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER=ON
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ jobs:
           zlib1g-dev
 
     - name: Install LLVM 23
-      if: matrix.sanitizer == 'tsan'
+      if: matrix.cxx == 'clang++-23'
       run: |
         wget -qO /tmp/llvm.sh https://apt.llvm.org/llvm.sh
         chmod +x /tmp/llvm.sh

From da1ac463cf1b9893171f773746c095512f8503c3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jul 2026 13:36:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 11/27] compilation fix for zpp_bits:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

zpp_bits probes custom serializers with an internal zpp::bits::traits::visitor. That visitor’s archive(...) returns a size_t member count, not zpp::bits::errc.
The custom deserializers assume archive(...) returns an error result:
auto result = archive(...);
if (failure(result)) { ... }
So during zpp’s probe, failure(result) becomes failure(size_t), which is invalid.
---
 src/dag_builder/encoded.h        | 80 ++++++++++++++++++++------------
 src/terrainlib/mesh/io/texture.h | 14 ++++--
 src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h       | 22 +++++----
 3 files changed, 74 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/dag_builder/encoded.h b/src/dag_builder/encoded.h
index c1ff780c..8e10878a 100644
--- a/src/dag_builder/encoded.h
+++ b/src/dag_builder/encoded.h
@@ -24,42 +24,52 @@ template <typename Archive>
 auto serialize(Archive &archive, const TextureSet &textures) {
     size_t size = textures.size();
     auto result = archive(size);
-    if (failure(result)) {
+    using Result = std::remove_cvref_t<decltype(result)>;
+    if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<Result, zpp::bits::errc> && !std::is_same_v<Result, std::errc>) {
         return result;
-    }
-
-    for (const auto &texture : textures) {
-        const mesh::io::ImageAndExt item{texture, ".jpeg"};
-        result = archive(item);
+    } else {
         if (failure(result)) {
             return result;
         }
-    }
 
-    return result;
+        for (const auto &texture : textures) {
+            const mesh::io::ImageAndExt item{texture, ".jpeg"};
+            result = archive(item);
+            if (failure(result)) {
+                return result;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
 }
 template <typename Archive>
 auto serialize(Archive &archive, TextureSet &textures) {
     size_t size;
     auto result = archive(size);
-    if (failure(result)) {
+    using Result = std::remove_cvref_t<decltype(result)>;
+    if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<Result, zpp::bits::errc> && !std::is_same_v<Result, std::errc>) {
         return result;
-    }
-
-    std::vector<cv::Mat> images;
-    images.reserve(size);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-        mesh::io::ImageAndExt item;
-        result = archive(item);
+    } else {
         if (failure(result)) {
             return result;
         }
 
-        images.push_back(item.image);
-    }
-    textures = TextureSet(images);
+        std::vector<cv::Mat> images;
+        images.reserve(size);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+            mesh::io::ImageAndExt item;
+            result = archive(item);
+            if (failure(result)) {
+                return result;
+            }
 
-    return result;
+            images.push_back(item.image);
+        }
+        textures = TextureSet(images);
+
+        return result;
+    }
 }
 
 template <typename Archive>
@@ -104,15 +114,20 @@ auto serialize(Archive &archive, Cluster &cluster) {
         cluster.texture_id,
         cluster.absolute_error);
 
-    if (failure(result)) {
+    using Result = std::remove_cvref_t<decltype(result)>;
+    if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<Result, zpp::bits::errc> && !std::is_same_v<Result, std::errc>) {
         return result;
-    }
+    } else {
+        if (failure(result)) {
+            return result;
+        }
 
-    meshopt::decode_index_buffer(cluster.local_triangles, triangle_count, encoded_triangles);
-    meshopt::decode_vertex_buffer(cluster.vertex_indices, vertex_count, encoded_vertex_indices);
-    meshopt::decode_vertex_buffer(cluster.uvs, uv_count, encoded_uvs);
+        meshopt::decode_index_buffer(cluster.local_triangles, triangle_count, encoded_triangles);
+        meshopt::decode_vertex_buffer(cluster.vertex_indices, vertex_count, encoded_vertex_indices);
+        meshopt::decode_vertex_buffer(cluster.uvs, uv_count, encoded_uvs);
 
-    return result;
+        return result;
+    }
 }
 
 template <typename Archive>
@@ -138,13 +153,18 @@ auto serialize(Archive &archive, Clustering &clustering) {
         clustering.clusters,
         clustering.textures);
 
-    if (failure(result)) {
+    using Result = std::remove_cvref_t<decltype(result)>;
+    if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<Result, zpp::bits::errc> && !std::is_same_v<Result, std::errc>) {
         return result;
-    }
+    } else {
+        if (failure(result)) {
+            return result;
+        }
 
-    meshopt::decode_vertex_buffer(clustering.positions, vertex_count, encoded_positions);
+        meshopt::decode_vertex_buffer(clustering.positions, vertex_count, encoded_positions);
 
-    return result;
+        return result;
+    }
 }
 
 } // namespace zpp::bits
diff --git a/src/terrainlib/mesh/io/texture.h b/src/terrainlib/mesh/io/texture.h
index 7edb5582..0d1d8113 100644
--- a/src/terrainlib/mesh/io/texture.h
+++ b/src/terrainlib/mesh/io/texture.h
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include <string_view>
 #include <vector>
 #include <span>
+#include <type_traits>
 
 #include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
 
@@ -36,12 +37,17 @@ auto serialize(Archive &archive, mesh::io::ImageAndExt &item) {
     std::vector<uint8_t> encoded;
 
     auto result = archive(item.ext, encoded);
-    if (failure(result)) {
+    using Result = std::remove_cvref_t<decltype(result)>;
+    if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<Result, zpp::bits::errc> && !std::is_same_v<Result, std::errc>) {
         return result;
-    }
+    } else {
+        if (failure(result)) {
+            return result;
+        }
 
-    item.image = mesh::io::read_texture_from_encoded_bytes(encoded);
-    return result;
+        item.image = mesh::io::read_texture_from_encoded_bytes(encoded);
+        return result;
+    }
 }
 
 } // namespace zpp::bits
diff --git a/src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h b/src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h
index 1ae28794..a593be3b 100644
--- a/src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h
+++ b/src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include <optional>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <functional>
+#include <type_traits>
 
 #include <glm/glm.hpp>
 #include <libassert/assert.hpp>
@@ -323,17 +324,22 @@ constexpr auto serialize(auto &archive, octree::Id &id) {
     octree::Id::Level level;
     octree::Id::Index index;
     auto result = archive(level, index);
-    if (failure(result)) {
+    using Result = std::remove_cvref_t<decltype(result)>;
+    if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<Result, zpp::bits::errc> && !std::is_same_v<Result, std::errc>) {
         return result;
-    }
+    } else {
+        if (failure(result)) {
+            return result;
+        }
 
-    auto maybe_id = octree::Id::try_make(level, index);
-    if (!maybe_id) {
-        return zpp::bits::errc(std::errc::bad_message);
-    }
+        auto maybe_id = octree::Id::try_make(level, index);
+        if (!maybe_id) {
+            return zpp::bits::errc(std::errc::bad_message);
+        }
 
-    id = *maybe_id;
-    return success();
+        id = *maybe_id;
+        return success();
+    }
 }
 constexpr auto serialize(auto &archive, const octree::Id &id) {
     return archive(id.level(), id.index_on_level());

From fa760ee36776db3a05b228ce4ab8b17341c67c38 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jul 2026 23:26:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 12/27] Pin zpp_bits before structured binding pack support

---
 src/CMakeLists.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/CMakeLists.txt b/src/CMakeLists.txt
index ba22589f..bcc8a64b 100644
--- a/src/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ set(SPDLOG_FMT_EXTERNAL ON CACHE BOOL "SPDLOG_FMT_EXTERNAL" FORCE)
 alp_add_git_repository(spdlog URL https://github.com/gabime/spdlog.git COMMITISH v1.17.0)
 add_compile_definitions(SPDLOG_ACTIVE_LEVEL=SPDLOG_LEVEL_TRACE)
 
-alp_add_git_repository(zpp_bits URL https://github.com/eyalz800/zpp_bits.git COMMITISH v4.5 DO_NOT_ADD_SUBPROJECT)
+alp_add_git_repository(zpp_bits URL https://github.com/eyalz800/zpp_bits.git COMMITISH v4.4.25 DO_NOT_ADD_SUBPROJECT)
 add_library(zpp_bits INTERFACE)
 target_include_directories(zpp_bits INTERFACE SYSTEM ${zpp_bits_SOURCE_DIR})
 

From 1f327a543f214476281188238cac07318cfa92b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Adam <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jul 2026 01:26:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 13/27] Update CI workflow to trigger only on 'main' branch

Removed 'tile-downloader' branch from pull request triggers.
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 6f14a5aa..5e6c2f86 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ name: CI
 on:
   push:
   pull_request:
-    branches: [ "main", "tile-downloader" ]
+    branches: [ "main" ]
 
 env:
   CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.ccache

From 04df7e0068cec873c280b222db8ecc7e3375a575 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jul 2026 01:52:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 14/27] Update zpp_bits to v4.7.1

---
 src/CMakeLists.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/CMakeLists.txt b/src/CMakeLists.txt
index bcc8a64b..81ad1d09 100644
--- a/src/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ set(SPDLOG_FMT_EXTERNAL ON CACHE BOOL "SPDLOG_FMT_EXTERNAL" FORCE)
 alp_add_git_repository(spdlog URL https://github.com/gabime/spdlog.git COMMITISH v1.17.0)
 add_compile_definitions(SPDLOG_ACTIVE_LEVEL=SPDLOG_LEVEL_TRACE)
 
-alp_add_git_repository(zpp_bits URL https://github.com/eyalz800/zpp_bits.git COMMITISH v4.4.25 DO_NOT_ADD_SUBPROJECT)
+alp_add_git_repository(zpp_bits URL https://github.com/eyalz800/zpp_bits.git COMMITISH v4.7.1 DO_NOT_ADD_SUBPROJECT)
 add_library(zpp_bits INTERFACE)
 target_include_directories(zpp_bits INTERFACE SYSTEM ${zpp_bits_SOURCE_DIR})
 

From 365e48b74fa7bf877ac0832624f67b2b4f9074ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jul 2026 02:19:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 15/27] Allow zpp_bits access to octree Id

---
 src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h b/src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h
index a593be3b..0594f500 100644
--- a/src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h
+++ b/src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h
@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@
 #include "hash_utils.h"
 #include "int_math.h"
 
+namespace zpp::bits {
+struct access;
+}
+
 namespace octree {
 
 class Id {
@@ -237,6 +241,8 @@ class Id {
     Level _level;
     Index _index;
 
+    friend zpp::bits::access;
+
     [[nodiscard]] constexpr Id _child(const uint32_t child_index) const {
         DEBUG_ASSERT(child_index <= 7);
         return Id(this->level() + 1, (this->index_on_level() << 3) | child_index);

From 16ca87830e49b1dc8800a2c471b7d05af3c28adc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jul 2026 07:31:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 16/27] Fix mesh simplify CLI parse overloads

---
 src/mesh_simplify/cli.h | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mesh_simplify/cli.h b/src/mesh_simplify/cli.h
index 147290a1..ea102601 100644
--- a/src/mesh_simplify/cli.h
+++ b/src/mesh_simplify/cli.h
@@ -42,11 +42,11 @@ namespace cli {
     }
 
     template <std::size_t Extent>
-    Args cli::parse(const std::span<const std::string, Extent> args) {
+    Args parse(const std::span<const std::string, Extent> args) {
         return _parse(args);
     }
     template <std::size_t Extent>
-    Args cli::parse(const std::span<const std::string_view, Extent> args) {
+    Args parse(const std::span<const std::string_view, Extent> args) {
         return _parse(args);
     }
 }

From d24fd54f6c223ec51a2077ebf00e9828f8fa04b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jul 2026 13:41:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 17/27] Fix sf merger visitor template dispatch

---
 src/sf_merger/merge.h                |  2 +-
 src/sf_merger/merge/visitor/Masked.h | 22 +++++++++++-----------
 src/sf_merger/merge/visitor/Simple.h |  8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/sf_merger/merge.h b/src/sf_merger/merge.h
index 26a674be..ea3a1b18 100644
--- a/src/sf_merger/merge.h
+++ b/src/sf_merger/merge.h
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class Merger {
     case get_index(Status::left_status, Status::right_status): {            \
         merge::NodeData<Status::left_status> left_node(id, this->_left);    \
         merge::NodeData<Status::right_status> right_node(id, this->_right); \
-        return this->_visitor.template visit(id, left_node, right_node, ctx); \
+        return this->_visitor.template visit<Status::left_status, Status::right_status>(id, left_node, right_node, ctx); \
     }
 
             ALP_GENERATE_CASE(Missing, Missing);
diff --git a/src/sf_merger/merge/visitor/Masked.h b/src/sf_merger/merge/visitor/Masked.h
index a577fde0..04580b03 100644
--- a/src/sf_merger/merge/visitor/Masked.h
+++ b/src/sf_merger/merge/visitor/Masked.h
@@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ class Masked {
         const NodeData<LeftStatus> &left,
         const NodeData<RightStatus> &right,
         const Context &ctx) {
-        if constexpr (left.status() == Status::Inner || right.status() == Status::Inner) {
+        if constexpr (LeftStatus == Status::Inner || RightStatus == Status::Inner) {
             UNREACHABLE();
         }
 
-        if constexpr (left.status() == Status::Missing && right.status() == Status::Missing) {
+        if constexpr (LeftStatus == Status::Missing && RightStatus == Status::Missing) {
             DEBUG_ASSERT(!(ctx.has_left_parent && ctx.has_right_parent));
             if (!ctx.has_left_parent && !ctx.has_right_parent) {
                 return Ignore{};
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class Masked {
         }
 
         // If the parent mask is empty, we can just return whatevers on the left
-        if constexpr (left.status() != Status::Missing) {
+        if constexpr (LeftStatus != Status::Missing) {
             if (ctx.mask.mesh.is_empty()) {
                 return Unchanged{Source::Left};
             }
@@ -73,20 +73,20 @@ class Masked {
         MeshMask mask(mesh::clip_on_bounds_and_cap(ctx.mask.mesh, bounds));
 
         // Same when the current mask is empty
-        if constexpr (left.status() != Status::Missing) {
+        if constexpr (LeftStatus != Status::Missing) {
             if (mask.mesh.is_empty()) {
                 return Unchanged{Source::Left};
             }
         }
 
         // If we have two leaf nodes we can directly merge them.
-        if constexpr (left.status() == Status::Leaf && right.status() == Status::Leaf) {
+        if constexpr (LeftStatus == Status::Leaf && RightStatus == Status::Leaf) {
             return this->merge_meshes(left.mesh(), right.mesh(), true, true, mask);
         }
 
         // If we have a left leaf we either directly return it (after clipping)
         // or merge if right has a non-missing parent
-        if constexpr (left.status() == Status::Leaf && right.status() == Status::Missing) {
+        if constexpr (LeftStatus == Status::Leaf && RightStatus == Status::Missing) {
             if (ctx.has_right_parent) {
                 return this->merge_meshes(left.mesh(), right.mesh().value(), true, false, mask);
             }
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class Masked {
 
         // If we have a right leaf we either directly return it (after clipping)
         // or merge if left has a non-missing parent
-        if constexpr (left.status() == Status::Missing && right.status() == Status::Leaf) {
+        if constexpr (LeftStatus == Status::Missing && RightStatus == Status::Leaf) {
             if (ctx.has_left_parent) {
                 return this->merge_meshes(left.mesh().value(), right.mesh(), false, true, mask);
             }
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class Masked {
             }
         }
 
-        if constexpr (left.status() == Status::Missing && right.status() == Status::Missing) {
+        if constexpr (LeftStatus == Status::Missing && RightStatus == Status::Missing) {
             DEBUG_ASSERT(ctx.has_left_parent || ctx.has_right_parent);
             if (ctx.has_left_parent) {
                 auto result = clip_on_mask(left.mesh().value(), mask, false);
@@ -140,12 +140,12 @@ class Masked {
             }
         }
 
-        if constexpr (left.status() == Status::Virtual || right.status() == Status::Virtual) {
+        if constexpr (LeftStatus == Status::Virtual || RightStatus == Status::Virtual) {
             return Recurse{
                 Context{
                     .mask = mask,
-                    .has_left_parent = ctx.has_left_parent || left.status() == Status::Leaf,
-                    .has_right_parent = ctx.has_right_parent || right.status() == Status::Leaf}};
+                    .has_left_parent = ctx.has_left_parent || LeftStatus == Status::Leaf,
+                    .has_right_parent = ctx.has_right_parent || RightStatus == Status::Leaf}};
         }
 
         UNREACHABLE();
diff --git a/src/sf_merger/merge/visitor/Simple.h b/src/sf_merger/merge/visitor/Simple.h
index 9dcec6a1..531cd686 100644
--- a/src/sf_merger/merge/visitor/Simple.h
+++ b/src/sf_merger/merge/visitor/Simple.h
@@ -26,15 +26,15 @@ class Simple {
         const NodeData<RightStatus> &right,
         const Context& ctx) {
 
-        if constexpr (right.status() == Status::Missing) {
+        if constexpr (RightStatus == Status::Missing) {
             return Unchanged{Source::Left};
         }
 
-        if constexpr (left.status() == Status::Missing) {
+        if constexpr (LeftStatus == Status::Missing) {
             return Unchanged{Source::Right};
         }
 
-        if constexpr (left.status() == Status::Leaf && right.status() == Status::Leaf) {
+        if constexpr (LeftStatus == Status::Leaf && RightStatus == Status::Leaf) {
             return merge_meshes(right.mesh(), left.mesh());
         }
 
@@ -62,4 +62,4 @@ class Simple {
 
 static_assert(Visitor<Simple>);
 
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}

From d01ac4224938090ee938d96d7a2b8a6469b7e2a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jul 2026 13:55:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 18/27] Fix Buffer constructor declaration

---
 src/browser/core/Buffer.cpp | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/browser/core/Buffer.cpp b/src/browser/core/Buffer.cpp
index 84c82d4c..1de7cffc 100644
--- a/src/browser/core/Buffer.cpp
+++ b/src/browser/core/Buffer.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include "Buffer.h"
 #include <log.h>
 
-Buffer::Buffer(GLenum target = GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, GLenum usage = GL_STATIC_DRAW) : m_target(target), m_usage(usage) {
+Buffer::Buffer(GLenum target, GLenum usage) : m_target(target), m_usage(usage) {
 	glCreateBuffers(1, &m_handle);
 }
 

From 6a96b29b67f41f90753675b4e8a15b672669a613 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Jul 2026 01:20:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 19/27] Move sanitizer options to top-level CMake

---
 CMakeLists.txt     | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/CMakeLists.txt | 36 ------------------------------------
 2 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 24882125..dcf3b2b4 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -3,6 +3,42 @@ cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.21)
 project(alpine-terrain-builder)
 option(ALP_UNITTESTS "include unit test targets in the buildsystem" ON)
 
+# ASAN & TSAN
+option(ALP_ENABLE_THREAD_SANITIZER "compiles with thread sanitizer enabled" OFF)
+option(ALP_ENABLE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER "compiles with address sanitizer enabled" OFF)
+
+if(ALP_ENABLE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER)
+    if(ALP_ENABLE_THREAD_SANITIZER)
+        message(FATAL_ERROR "Cannot enable both AddressSanitizer and ThreadSanitizer")
+    endif()
+endif()
+
+if(ALP_ENABLE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER)
+    message(STATUS "AddressSanitizer enabled")
+    if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "GNU|Clang")
+        set(ASAN_FLAGS -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=leak -fsanitize=undefined -fno-omit-frame-pointer -g)
+        add_compile_options(${ASAN_FLAGS})
+        add_link_options(${ASAN_FLAGS})
+    else()
+        message(WARNING "ALP_ENABLE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER set but compiler is not GCC/Clang; ignoring")
+    endif()
+endif()
+
+if(ALP_ENABLE_THREAD_SANITIZER)
+    if(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Release")
+        message(WARNING "ThreadSanitizer is not recommended with Release builds. "
+                        "Use Debug or RelWithDebInfo for accurate race detection.")
+    endif()
+    message(STATUS "ThreadSanitizer enabled")
+    if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "GNU|Clang")
+        set(TSAN_FLAGS -fsanitize=thread -fno-omit-frame-pointer -fno-optimize-sibling-calls -g)
+        add_compile_options(${TSAN_FLAGS})
+        add_link_options(${TSAN_FLAGS})
+    else()
+        message(WARNING "ALP_ENABLE_THREAD_SANITIZER set but compiler is not GCC/Clang; ignoring")
+    endif()
+endif()
+
 include(cmake/AddRepo.cmake)
 include(cmake/SetupCMakeProject.cmake)
 
diff --git a/src/CMakeLists.txt b/src/CMakeLists.txt
index 81ad1d09..f95557d6 100644
--- a/src/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -11,42 +11,6 @@ endif()
 
 option(ALP_ENABLE_OVERVIEW_READING "enable GDAL overview reading (broken with newer GDAL versions)" OFF)
 
-# ASAN & TSAN
-option(ALP_ENABLE_THREAD_SANITIZER "compiles with thread sanitizer enabled" OFF)
-option(ALP_ENABLE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER "compiles with address sanitizer enabled" OFF)
-
-if(ALP_ENABLE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER)
-    if(ALP_ENABLE_THREAD_SANITIZER)
-        message(FATAL_ERROR "Cannot enable both AddressSanitizer and ThreadSanitizer")
-    endif()
-endif()
-
-if(ALP_ENABLE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER)
-    message(STATUS "AddressSanitizer enabled")
-    if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "GNU|Clang")
-        set(ASAN_FLAGS -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=leak -fsanitize=undefined -fno-omit-frame-pointer -g)
-        add_compile_options(${ASAN_FLAGS})
-        add_link_options(${ASAN_FLAGS})
-    else()
-        message(WARNING "ALP_ENABLE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER set but compiler is not GCC/Clang; ignoring")
-    endif()
-endif()
-
-if(ALP_ENABLE_THREAD_SANITIZER)
-    if(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Release")
-        message(WARNING "ThreadSanitizer is not recommended with Release builds. "
-                        "Use Debug or RelWithDebInfo for accurate race detection.")
-    endif()
-    message(STATUS "ThreadSanitizer enabled")
-    if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "GNU|Clang")
-        set(TSAN_FLAGS -fsanitize=thread -fno-omit-frame-pointer -fno-optimize-sibling-calls -g)
-        add_compile_options(${TSAN_FLAGS})
-        add_link_options(${TSAN_FLAGS})
-    else()
-        message(WARNING "ALP_ENABLE_THREAD_SANITIZER set but compiler is not GCC/Clang; ignoring")
-    endif()
-endif()
-
 set(ALP_RELEASE_OPT_LEVEL "3" CACHE STRING "Optimization level (0=O0,1=O1,2=O2,3=O3)")
 
 if (CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Release")

From 7455f47bee69472c95df3f2173d66e1f812c1831 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Jul 2026 13:22:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 20/27] Build dependencies with ThreadSanitizer

---
 CMakeLists.txt                                 | 12 ++++++------
 cmake/SetupCMakeProject.cmake                  | 18 ++++++++++++++----
 src/CMakeLists.txt                             |  8 +++++++-
 src/terrainlib/Dataset.cpp                     |  5 ++++-
 .../tilebuilder/parallel_tile_generator.cpp    | 16 +++++++++-------
 5 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index dcf3b2b4..f8cef9fe 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ endif()
 if(ALP_ENABLE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER)
     message(STATUS "AddressSanitizer enabled")
     if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "GNU|Clang")
-        set(ASAN_FLAGS -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=leak -fsanitize=undefined -fno-omit-frame-pointer -g)
-        add_compile_options(${ASAN_FLAGS})
-        add_link_options(${ASAN_FLAGS})
+        set(ALP_SANITIZER_FLAGS -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=leak -fsanitize=undefined -fno-omit-frame-pointer -g)
+        add_compile_options(${ALP_SANITIZER_FLAGS})
+        add_link_options(${ALP_SANITIZER_FLAGS})
     else()
         message(WARNING "ALP_ENABLE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER set but compiler is not GCC/Clang; ignoring")
     endif()
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ if(ALP_ENABLE_THREAD_SANITIZER)
     endif()
     message(STATUS "ThreadSanitizer enabled")
     if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "GNU|Clang")
-        set(TSAN_FLAGS -fsanitize=thread -fno-omit-frame-pointer -fno-optimize-sibling-calls -g)
-        add_compile_options(${TSAN_FLAGS})
-        add_link_options(${TSAN_FLAGS})
+        set(ALP_SANITIZER_FLAGS -fsanitize=thread -fno-omit-frame-pointer -fno-optimize-sibling-calls -g)
+        add_compile_options(${ALP_SANITIZER_FLAGS})
+        add_link_options(${ALP_SANITIZER_FLAGS})
     else()
         message(WARNING "ALP_ENABLE_THREAD_SANITIZER set but compiler is not GCC/Clang; ignoring")
     endif()
diff --git a/cmake/SetupCMakeProject.cmake b/cmake/SetupCMakeProject.cmake
index 2c2b94a0..09245677 100644
--- a/cmake/SetupCMakeProject.cmake
+++ b/cmake/SetupCMakeProject.cmake
@@ -23,11 +23,20 @@ endif()
 function(_alp_build_and_install NAME SRC_DIR BUILD_DIR INSTALL_DIR)
     message(STATUS "[alp] Configuring ${NAME}")
 
+    string(JOIN " " _alp_sanitizer_flags ${ALP_SANITIZER_FLAGS})
+
     execute_process(
         COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND}
                 -G ${CMAKE_GENERATOR}
                 -S ${SRC_DIR}
                 -B ${BUILD_DIR}
+                -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=${CMAKE_C_COMPILER}
+                -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER}
+                "-DCMAKE_C_FLAGS=${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} ${_alp_sanitizer_flags}"
+                "-DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS=${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} ${_alp_sanitizer_flags}"
+                "-DCMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS=${CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS} ${_alp_sanitizer_flags}"
+                "-DCMAKE_MODULE_LINKER_FLAGS=${CMAKE_MODULE_LINKER_FLAGS} ${_alp_sanitizer_flags}"
+                "-DCMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS=${CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS} ${_alp_sanitizer_flags}"
                 -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH}
                 -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${INSTALL_DIR}
                 -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE}
@@ -67,14 +76,16 @@ function(alp_setup_cmake_project arg_NAME)
     set(build_dir   "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/alp_external/${arg_NAME}_build")
     set(install_dir "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/alp_external/${arg_NAME}")
     set(stamp_file  "${install_dir}/.alp_install_signature")
+    set(version_signature "${arg_COMMITISH}${arg_CMAKE_ARGUMENTS}${ALP_SANITIZER_FLAGS}")
     set(cache_signature "URL=${arg_URL}
 COMMITISH=${arg_COMMITISH}
 BUILD_TYPE=${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE}
 SYSTEM=${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME}-${CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR}
 CXX=${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID}-${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION}
+SANITIZER_FLAGS=${ALP_SANITIZER_FLAGS}
 ARGS=${arg_CMAKE_ARGUMENTS}")
 
-    if(DEFINED ${version_var} AND "${${version_var}}" STREQUAL "${arg_COMMITISH}${arg_CMAKE_ARGUMENTS}" AND DEFINED ${path_var} AND EXISTS "${${path_var}}")
+    if(DEFINED ${version_var} AND "${${version_var}}" STREQUAL "${version_signature}" AND DEFINED ${path_var} AND EXISTS "${${path_var}}")
         list(PREPEND CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH "${${path_var}}")
         set(CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH ${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH} PARENT_SCOPE)
         return()
@@ -87,7 +98,7 @@ ARGS=${arg_CMAKE_ARGUMENTS}")
             list(PREPEND CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH "${install_dir}")
             set(CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH "${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH}" PARENT_SCOPE)
             set(${path_var}    "${install_dir}"   CACHE PATH   "Install path for ${arg_NAME}"            FORCE)
-            set(${version_var} "${arg_COMMITISH}${arg_CMAKE_ARGUMENTS}" CACHE STRING "Installed commit/tag for $ + build flags"    FORCE)
+            set(${version_var} "${version_signature}" CACHE STRING "Installed commit/tag for $ + build flags"    FORCE)
             return()
         endif()
     endif()
@@ -104,6 +115,5 @@ ARGS=${arg_CMAKE_ARGUMENTS}")
 
 
     set(${path_var}    "${install_dir}"   CACHE PATH   "Install path for ${arg_NAME}"            FORCE)
-    set(${version_var} "${arg_COMMITISH}${arg_CMAKE_ARGUMENTS}" CACHE STRING "Installed commit/tag for $ + build flags"    FORCE)
+    set(${version_var} "${version_signature}" CACHE STRING "Installed commit/tag for $ + build flags"    FORCE)
 endfunction()
-
diff --git a/src/CMakeLists.txt b/src/CMakeLists.txt
index f95557d6..e6e3b0dc 100644
--- a/src/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ if (CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Release")
     set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE "-O${ALP_RELEASE_OPT_LEVEL}")
 endif()
 
-find_package(TBB REQUIRED)
 find_package(ZLIB REQUIRED)
 find_package(CURL REQUIRED)
 
@@ -32,6 +31,13 @@ target_include_directories(Eigen3 INTERFACE SYSTEM ${eigen_SOURCE_DIR})
 alp_setup_cmake_project(boost URL https://github.com/boostorg/boost.git COMMITISH "boost-1.88.0" CMAKE_ARGUMENTS -DBOOST_ENABLE_PYTHON=OFF -DBUILD_TESTING=OFF "-DBOOST_INCLUDE_LIBRARIES='graph\;multiprecision\;heap\;format\;logic'")
 find_package(Boost CONFIG REQUIRED)
 
+set(_alp_tbb_cmake_arguments -DTBB_TEST=OFF)
+if(ALP_ENABLE_THREAD_SANITIZER)
+    list(APPEND _alp_tbb_cmake_arguments -DTBB_SANITIZE=thread)
+endif()
+alp_setup_cmake_project(tbb URL https://github.com/uxlfoundation/oneTBB.git COMMITISH v2023.1.0 CMAKE_ARGUMENTS ${_alp_tbb_cmake_arguments})
+find_package(TBB REQUIRED)
+
 include(../cmake/SetupGDAL.cmake)
 alp_setup_gdal(GDAL_VERSION v3.10.3 PROJ_VERSION 9.6.0)
 
diff --git a/src/terrainlib/Dataset.cpp b/src/terrainlib/Dataset.cpp
index fbd77975..6542e687 100644
--- a/src/terrainlib/Dataset.cpp
+++ b/src/terrainlib/Dataset.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cassert>
 #include <memory>
+#include <mutex>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
 #include <gdal_priv.h>
@@ -35,6 +36,8 @@
 static GDALDataset *open_gdal_dataset(const std::filesystem::path &path, unsigned int flags) {
     initialize_gdal_once();
     const std::string path_str = path.string();
+    static std::mutex gdal_open_mutex;
+    const std::lock_guard lock(gdal_open_mutex);
     return static_cast<GDALDataset *>(GDALOpenEx(path_str.c_str(), flags, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr));
 }
 
@@ -59,7 +62,7 @@ std::optional<Dataset> Dataset::open_vector(std::filesystem::path path) {
     return std::nullopt;
 }
 std::optional<std::shared_ptr<Dataset>> Dataset::open_shared_raster(std::filesystem::path path) {
-    if (GDALDataset *dataset = open_gdal_dataset(path, GDAL_OF_RASTER | GDAL_OF_SHARED | GDAL_OF_THREAD_SAFE)) {
+    if (GDALDataset *dataset = open_gdal_dataset(path, GDAL_OF_RASTER)) {
         return std::make_shared<Dataset>(std::move(Dataset(path, dataset)));
     }
     LOG_ERROR("Couldn't open shared raster dataset {}.\n", path);
diff --git a/unittests/tilebuilder/parallel_tile_generator.cpp b/unittests/tilebuilder/parallel_tile_generator.cpp
index ade4164e..350c046c 100644
--- a/unittests/tilebuilder/parallel_tile_generator.cpp
+++ b/unittests/tilebuilder/parallel_tile_generator.cpp
@@ -29,24 +29,24 @@ using namespace radix;
 TEST_CASE("parallel tile generator")
 {
     std::atomic<int> tile_counter = 0;
+    std::atomic<int> validation_error_counter = 0;
     std::filesystem::remove_all("./unittest_tiles/");
 
     class MockTileWriter : public ParallelTileWriterInterface {
         std::atomic<int>* m_tile_counter = nullptr;
+        std::atomic<int>* m_validation_error_counter = nullptr;
 
     public:
-        MockTileWriter(std::atomic<int>* tile_counter)
+        MockTileWriter(std::atomic<int>* tile_counter, std::atomic<int>* validation_error_counter)
             : ParallelTileWriterInterface(radix::tile::Border::No, "empty")
             , m_tile_counter(tile_counter)
+            , m_validation_error_counter(validation_error_counter)
         {
         }
         void write(const std::string& file_path, const radix::tile::Descriptor& tile, const HeightData& heights) const override
         {
-            CHECK(!file_path.empty());
-            CHECK(tile.gridSize == 256);
-            CHECK(heights.width() == 256);
-            CHECK(heights.height() == 256);
-            REQUIRE(m_tile_counter != nullptr);
+            if (file_path.empty() || tile.gridSize != 256 || heights.width() != 256 || heights.height() != 256)
+                (*m_validation_error_counter)++;
             (*m_tile_counter)++;
 
             std::ofstream ofs(file_path);
@@ -55,11 +55,12 @@ TEST_CASE("parallel tile generator")
     };
 
     std::filesystem::path base_path = "./unittest_tiles/";
-    auto generator = ParallelTileGenerator::make(ATB_TEST_DATA_DIR "/austria/at_mgi.tif", ctb::Grid::Srs::SphericalMercator, radix::tile::Scheme::Tms, std::make_unique<MockTileWriter>(&tile_counter), base_path);
+    auto generator = ParallelTileGenerator::make(ATB_TEST_DATA_DIR "/austria/at_mgi.tif", ctb::Grid::Srs::SphericalMercator, radix::tile::Scheme::Tms, std::make_unique<MockTileWriter>(&tile_counter, &validation_error_counter), base_path);
     generator.setWarnOnMissingOverviews(false);
     SECTION("dataset tiles only")
     {
         generator.process({ 0, 7 });
+        CHECK(validation_error_counter == 0);
         CHECK(tile_counter == 27);
         CHECK(std::filesystem::exists(base_path / "0" / "0" / "0.empty"));
         CHECK(std::filesystem::exists(base_path / "1" / "1" / "1.empty"));
@@ -72,6 +73,7 @@ TEST_CASE("parallel tile generator")
     SECTION("world wide tiles")
     {
         generator.process({ 0, 2 }, false, true);
+        CHECK(validation_error_counter == 0);
         CHECK(tile_counter == 21);
         CHECK(std::filesystem::exists(base_path / "0" / "0" / "0.empty"));
 

From 1b275a99ad6c60684171a3319a28fd4a64799e9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Jul 2026 13:24:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 21/27] Ignore local build directories

---
 .gitignore | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 3382e319..be34b3ce 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -10,3 +10,5 @@ build-release/
 .vs
 /extern/*
 src/scratch
+/.qtcreator/
+/build*/

From a1f767db8bcf94f4798283c718508f048a5e3e94 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Jul 2026 17:18:53 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 22/27] Use terrainlib SRS transformations in tilebuilder tests

---
 src/tile_builder/srs.h                    | 136 ----------------------
 unittests/tilebuilder/dataset_reading.cpp |   8 +-
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 140 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/tile_builder/srs.h

diff --git a/src/tile_builder/srs.h b/src/tile_builder/srs.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 5032536b..00000000
--- a/src/tile_builder/srs.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,136 +0,0 @@
-/*****************************************************************************
- * Alpine Terrain Builder
- * Copyright (C) 2022 alpinemaps.org
- * Copyright (C) 2022 Adam Celarek <family name at cg tuwien ac at>
- *
- * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
- * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
- * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
- * (at your option) any later version.
- *
- * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
- * GNU General Public License for more details.
- *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- *****************************************************************************/
-
-#ifndef SRS_H
-#define SRS_H
-
-#include <cstddef>
-#include <glm/detail/qualifier.hpp>
-#include <memory>
-
-#include <glm/glm.hpp>
-#include <ogr_spatialref.h>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include "Exception.h"
-#include <radix/tile.h>
-
-namespace srs {
-
-inline std::unique_ptr<OGRCoordinateTransformation> transformation(const OGRSpatialReference& source, const OGRSpatialReference& targetSrs)
-{
-    const auto data_srs = source;
-    auto transformer = std::unique_ptr<OGRCoordinateTransformation>(OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(&data_srs, &targetSrs));
-    if (!transformer)
-        throw Exception("Couldn't create SRS transformation");
-    return transformer;
-}
-
-// this transform is non exact, because we are only transforming the corner vertices. however, due to projection warping, a rectangle can become an trapezoid with curved edges.
-inline radix::tile::SrsBounds nonExactBoundsTransform(const radix::tile::SrsBounds& bounds, const OGRSpatialReference& sourceSrs, const OGRSpatialReference& targetSrs)
-{
-    const auto transform = transformation(sourceSrs, targetSrs);
-    std::array xes = { bounds.min.x, bounds.max.x };
-    std::array yes = { bounds.min.y, bounds.max.y };
-    if (!transform->Transform(2, xes.data(), yes.data()))
-        throw Exception("nonExactBoundsTransform failed");
-    return { {xes[0], yes[0]}, {xes[1], yes[1]} };
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-inline glm::tvec3<T> to(const OGRSpatialReference& source_srs, const OGRSpatialReference& target_srs, glm::tvec3<T> p)
-{
-    const auto transform = transformation(source_srs, target_srs);
-    if (!transform->Transform(1, &p.x, &p.y, &p.z))
-        throw Exception("srs::to(glm::tvec3<T>) failed");
-    return p;
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-inline glm::tvec3<T> toECEF(const OGRSpatialReference& source_srs, const glm::tvec3<T>& p)
-{
-    OGRSpatialReference ecef_srs;
-    ecef_srs.importFromEPSG(4978);
-    ecef_srs.SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
-    return to(source_srs, ecef_srs, p);
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-inline std::vector<glm::tvec3<T>> toECEF(const OGRSpatialReference& source_srs, std::vector<glm::tvec3<T>> points)
-{
-    std::vector<T> xes;
-    std::vector<T> ys;
-    std::vector<T> zs;
-    xes.reserve(points.size());
-    ys.reserve(points.size());
-    zs.reserve(points.size());
-
-    for (const auto& p : points) {
-        xes.push_back(p.x);
-        ys.push_back(p.y);
-        zs.push_back(p.z);
-    }
-
-    OGRSpatialReference ecef_srs;
-    ecef_srs.importFromEPSG(4978);
-    ecef_srs.SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
-    const auto transform = transformation(source_srs, ecef_srs);
-    if (!transform->Transform(int(points.size()), xes.data(), ys.data(), zs.data()))
-        throw Exception("toECEF(glm::tvec3<T>) failed");
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < points.size(); ++i) {
-        points[i] = { xes[i], ys[i], zs[i] };
-    }
-    return points;
-}
-
-template <typename T, std::size_t n>
-inline std::array<glm::tvec3<T>, n> toECEF(const OGRSpatialReference& source_srs, std::array<glm::tvec3<T>, n> points)
-{
-    std::array<T, n> xes;
-    std::array<T, n> ys;
-    std::array<T, n> zs;
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < points.size(); ++i) {
-        xes[i] = points[i].x;
-        ys[i] = points[i].y;
-        zs[i] = points[i].z;
-    }
-
-    OGRSpatialReference ecef_srs;
-    ecef_srs.importFromEPSG(4978);
-    ecef_srs.SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
-    const auto transform = transformation(source_srs, ecef_srs);
-    if (!transform->Transform(points.size(), xes.data(), ys.data(), zs.data()))
-        throw Exception("toECEF(glm::tvec3<T>) failed");
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < points.size(); ++i) {
-        points[i] = { xes[i], ys[i], zs[i] };
-    }
-    return points;
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-inline std::array<glm::tvec3<T>, 2> toECEF(const OGRSpatialReference& source_srs, const glm::tvec3<T>& p1, const glm::tvec3<T>& p2)
-{
-    return toECEF<T, 2>(source_srs, { p1, p2 });
-}
-}
-
-#endif // SRS_H
diff --git a/unittests/tilebuilder/dataset_reading.cpp b/unittests/tilebuilder/dataset_reading.cpp
index e4c0c37c..b14f0e5e 100644
--- a/unittests/tilebuilder/dataset_reading.cpp
+++ b/unittests/tilebuilder/dataset_reading.cpp
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ TEST_CASE("reading")
                     srs.importFromEPSG(test_srs);
                     srs.SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
 
-                    const auto srs_bounds = srs::nonExactBoundsTransform(geodetic_bounds, geodetic_srs, srs);
+                    const auto srs_bounds = srs::non_exact_bounds_transform(geodetic_bounds, geodetic_srs, srs);
 
                     require_projection_available(*dataset, srs);
                     const DatasetReader reader(dataset, srs, 1);
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ TEST_CASE("reading")
 
         const auto pixel_width = low_res_ds->pixelWidthIn(srs);
         const auto pixel_height = low_res_ds->pixelHeightIn(srs);
-        auto srs_bounds = srs::nonExactBoundsTransform(low_res_ds->bounds(), low_res_ds->srs(), srs);
+        auto srs_bounds = srs::non_exact_bounds_transform(low_res_ds->bounds(), low_res_ds->srs(), srs);
         srs_bounds.min = { srs_bounds.min.x + border * pixel_width, srs_bounds.min.y + border * pixel_height };
         srs_bounds.max = { srs_bounds.max.x - border * pixel_width, srs_bounds.max.y - border * pixel_height };
 
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ TEST_CASE("reading")
         const auto srs = low_res_ds->srs();
         const auto low_res_reader = DatasetReader(low_res_ds, srs, 1);
         const auto high_res_reader = DatasetReader(high_res_ds, srs, 1);
-        const auto srs_bounds = srs::nonExactBoundsTransform(radix::tile::SrsBounds{{9.5, 46.4}, {17.1, 49.0}}, geodetic_srs, srs);
+        const auto srs_bounds = srs::non_exact_bounds_transform(radix::tile::SrsBounds{{9.5, 46.4}, {17.1, 49.0}}, geodetic_srs, srs);
 
         const auto render_width = unsigned(low_res_ds->widthInPixels(srs_bounds, srs));
         const auto render_height = unsigned(low_res_ds->heightInPixels(srs_bounds, srs));
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ TEST_CASE("reading")
         const auto srs = low_res_ds->srs();
         const auto low_res_reader = DatasetReader(low_res_ds, srs, 1);
         const auto high_res_reader = DatasetReader(high_res_ds, srs, 1);
-        const auto srs_bounds = srs::nonExactBoundsTransform(radix::tile::SrsBounds{{9.5, 46.4}, {17.1, 49.0}}, geodetic_srs, srs);
+        const auto srs_bounds = srs::non_exact_bounds_transform(radix::tile::SrsBounds{{9.5, 46.4}, {17.1, 49.0}}, geodetic_srs, srs);
 
         const auto render_width = unsigned(low_res_ds->widthInPixels(srs_bounds, srs)) / 10;
         const auto render_height = unsigned(low_res_ds->heightInPixels(srs_bounds, srs)) / 10;

From 8c059e004307e1a2898348d0c5dddd4097b8eec7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Jul 2026 22:16:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 23/27] Fix sanitizer CI builds

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml       | 3 +++
 cmake/SetupOpenCV.cmake        | 7 ++++++-
 src/CMakeLists.txt             | 6 +-----
 src/terrainlib/mesh/manifold.h | 2 +-
 4 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 5e6c2f86..ad78afe7 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -161,6 +161,9 @@ jobs:
         export PROJ_DATA="${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/proj/share/proj"
         export PROJ_LIB="${PROJ_DATA}"
         export GDAL_DATA="${{ github.workspace }}/build/alp_external/gdal/share/gdal"
+        if [[ "${{ matrix.sanitizer }}" == "tsan" ]]; then
+          export TSAN_OPTIONS="suppressions=${{ github.workspace }}/extern/tbb/cmake/suppressions/tsan.suppressions"
+        fi
         status=0
         ./unittests/unittests_terrainlib "~mesh::clip_on_bounds benchmark" || status=$?
         ./unittests/unittests_tilebuilder || status=$?
diff --git a/cmake/SetupOpenCV.cmake b/cmake/SetupOpenCV.cmake
index 50afb1fa..e73cbbe9 100644
--- a/cmake/SetupOpenCV.cmake
+++ b/cmake/SetupOpenCV.cmake
@@ -21,9 +21,15 @@ if(NOT COMMAND alp_setup_cmake_project)
 endif()
 
 function(alp_setup_opencv version)
+    set(_alp_opencv_sanitizer_arguments)
+    if(ALP_ENABLE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER OR ALP_ENABLE_THREAD_SANITIZER)
+        list(APPEND _alp_opencv_sanitizer_arguments -DOPENCV_SKIP_LINK_NO_UNDEFINED=ON)
+    endif()
+
     alp_setup_cmake_project(opencv
         URL https://github.com/opencv/opencv.git COMMITISH ${version}
         CMAKE_ARGUMENTS
+            ${_alp_opencv_sanitizer_arguments}
             -DBUILD_TESTS=OFF
             -DBUILD_PERF_TESTS=OFF
             -DBUILD_EXAMPLES=OFF
@@ -41,4 +47,3 @@ function(alp_setup_opencv version)
         )
     find_package(OpenCV REQUIRED)
 endfunction()
-
diff --git a/src/CMakeLists.txt b/src/CMakeLists.txt
index e6e3b0dc..d9e75595 100644
--- a/src/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -31,11 +31,7 @@ target_include_directories(Eigen3 INTERFACE SYSTEM ${eigen_SOURCE_DIR})
 alp_setup_cmake_project(boost URL https://github.com/boostorg/boost.git COMMITISH "boost-1.88.0" CMAKE_ARGUMENTS -DBOOST_ENABLE_PYTHON=OFF -DBUILD_TESTING=OFF "-DBOOST_INCLUDE_LIBRARIES='graph\;multiprecision\;heap\;format\;logic'")
 find_package(Boost CONFIG REQUIRED)
 
-set(_alp_tbb_cmake_arguments -DTBB_TEST=OFF)
-if(ALP_ENABLE_THREAD_SANITIZER)
-    list(APPEND _alp_tbb_cmake_arguments -DTBB_SANITIZE=thread)
-endif()
-alp_setup_cmake_project(tbb URL https://github.com/uxlfoundation/oneTBB.git COMMITISH v2023.1.0 CMAKE_ARGUMENTS ${_alp_tbb_cmake_arguments})
+alp_setup_cmake_project(tbb URL https://github.com/uxlfoundation/oneTBB.git COMMITISH v2023.1.0 CMAKE_ARGUMENTS -DTBB_TEST=OFF)
 find_package(TBB REQUIRED)
 
 include(../cmake/SetupGDAL.cmake)
diff --git a/src/terrainlib/mesh/manifold.h b/src/terrainlib/mesh/manifold.h
index be3c380b..bf524625 100644
--- a/src/terrainlib/mesh/manifold.h
+++ b/src/terrainlib/mesh/manifold.h
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ void duplicate_non_manifold_vertices(
 template <typename Duplicate>
 void duplicate_non_manifold_vertices(
     std::span<glm::uvec3> triangles,
-    const uint32_t vertex_count,
+    uint32_t vertex_count,
     Duplicate &&duplicate_vertex);
 
 template <glm::length_t n_dims, typename T>

From 3e1ddb10e26dfe6a5ea397aa7261801f3d06f5a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Jul 2026 23:57:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 24/27] Update zpp_bits and remove obsolete access workarounds

---
 src/CMakeLists.txt                          | 2 +-
 src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h                  | 6 ------
 src/terrainlib/octree/NodeStatusOrMissing.h | 5 -----
 3 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/CMakeLists.txt b/src/CMakeLists.txt
index d9e75595..05452981 100644
--- a/src/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ set(SPDLOG_FMT_EXTERNAL ON CACHE BOOL "SPDLOG_FMT_EXTERNAL" FORCE)
 alp_add_git_repository(spdlog URL https://github.com/gabime/spdlog.git COMMITISH v1.17.0)
 add_compile_definitions(SPDLOG_ACTIVE_LEVEL=SPDLOG_LEVEL_TRACE)
 
-alp_add_git_repository(zpp_bits URL https://github.com/eyalz800/zpp_bits.git COMMITISH v4.7.1 DO_NOT_ADD_SUBPROJECT)
+alp_add_git_repository(zpp_bits URL https://github.com/eyalz800/zpp_bits.git COMMITISH v4.7.2 DO_NOT_ADD_SUBPROJECT)
 add_library(zpp_bits INTERFACE)
 target_include_directories(zpp_bits INTERFACE SYSTEM ${zpp_bits_SOURCE_DIR})
 
diff --git a/src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h b/src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h
index 0594f500..a593be3b 100644
--- a/src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h
+++ b/src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h
@@ -14,10 +14,6 @@
 #include "hash_utils.h"
 #include "int_math.h"
 
-namespace zpp::bits {
-struct access;
-}
-
 namespace octree {
 
 class Id {
@@ -241,8 +237,6 @@ class Id {
     Level _level;
     Index _index;
 
-    friend zpp::bits::access;
-
     [[nodiscard]] constexpr Id _child(const uint32_t child_index) const {
         DEBUG_ASSERT(child_index <= 7);
         return Id(this->level() + 1, (this->index_on_level() << 3) | child_index);
diff --git a/src/terrainlib/octree/NodeStatusOrMissing.h b/src/terrainlib/octree/NodeStatusOrMissing.h
index 227fc121..0868cb93 100644
--- a/src/terrainlib/octree/NodeStatusOrMissing.h
+++ b/src/terrainlib/octree/NodeStatusOrMissing.h
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 #include <optional>
 
-#include <zpp_bits.h>
 #include <magic_enum/magic_enum.hpp>
 
 #include "octree/NodeStatus.h"
@@ -67,10 +66,6 @@ class NodeStatusOrMissing {
 
 public:
     Value _value;
-
-public:
-    using serialize = zpp::bits::members<1>;
-    friend zpp::bits::access;
 };
 
 }

From 0af3a608c915ee798ab79063c3d607f6f3d789e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jul 2026 00:55:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 25/27] Move zpp_bits serializers to associated namespaces

---
 src/dag_builder/dag_node.h       |  4 ++--
 src/dag_builder/encoded.h        | 16 ++++++----------
 src/terrainlib/mesh/io/texture.h |  6 +++---
 src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h       |  6 +++---
 4 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/dag_builder/dag_node.h b/src/dag_builder/dag_node.h
index 5bb44598..13970d72 100644
--- a/src/dag_builder/dag_node.h
+++ b/src/dag_builder/dag_node.h
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ std::vector<std::vector<uint32_t>> build_parent_map(const std::vector<std::vecto
 
 }
 
-namespace zpp::bits {
+namespace dag {
 
 template <typename Archive>
 auto serialize(Archive &archive, const dag::Id &id) {
@@ -58,4 +58,4 @@ template <typename Archive>
 auto serialize(Archive &archive, dag::ClusterBatch &node) {
     return archive(node.clustering, node.child_map);
 }
-}
+} // namespace dag
diff --git a/src/dag_builder/encoded.h b/src/dag_builder/encoded.h
index 8e10878a..769e567f 100644
--- a/src/dag_builder/encoded.h
+++ b/src/dag_builder/encoded.h
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@
 #include "mesh/io/texture.h"
 #include "meshopt.h"
 
-namespace zpp::bits {
-
 template <typename Archive>
 auto serialize(Archive &archive, const TextureSet &textures) {
     size_t size = textures.size();
@@ -28,14 +26,14 @@ auto serialize(Archive &archive, const TextureSet &textures) {
     if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<Result, zpp::bits::errc> && !std::is_same_v<Result, std::errc>) {
         return result;
     } else {
-        if (failure(result)) {
+        if (zpp::bits::failure(result)) {
             return result;
         }
 
         for (const auto &texture : textures) {
             const mesh::io::ImageAndExt item{texture, ".jpeg"};
             result = archive(item);
-            if (failure(result)) {
+            if (zpp::bits::failure(result)) {
                 return result;
             }
         }
@@ -51,7 +49,7 @@ auto serialize(Archive &archive, TextureSet &textures) {
     if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<Result, zpp::bits::errc> && !std::is_same_v<Result, std::errc>) {
         return result;
     } else {
-        if (failure(result)) {
+        if (zpp::bits::failure(result)) {
             return result;
         }
 
@@ -60,7 +58,7 @@ auto serialize(Archive &archive, TextureSet &textures) {
         for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
             mesh::io::ImageAndExt item;
             result = archive(item);
-            if (failure(result)) {
+            if (zpp::bits::failure(result)) {
                 return result;
             }
 
@@ -118,7 +116,7 @@ auto serialize(Archive &archive, Cluster &cluster) {
     if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<Result, zpp::bits::errc> && !std::is_same_v<Result, std::errc>) {
         return result;
     } else {
-        if (failure(result)) {
+        if (zpp::bits::failure(result)) {
             return result;
         }
 
@@ -157,7 +155,7 @@ auto serialize(Archive &archive, Clustering &clustering) {
     if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<Result, zpp::bits::errc> && !std::is_same_v<Result, std::errc>) {
         return result;
     } else {
-        if (failure(result)) {
+        if (zpp::bits::failure(result)) {
             return result;
         }
 
@@ -167,8 +165,6 @@ auto serialize(Archive &archive, Clustering &clustering) {
     }
 }
 
-} // namespace zpp::bits
-
 inline tl::expected<void, ::io::Error>
 save_clustering(const Clustering &clustering,
                  const std::filesystem::path &path,
diff --git a/src/terrainlib/mesh/io/texture.h b/src/terrainlib/mesh/io/texture.h
index 0d1d8113..c6849014 100644
--- a/src/terrainlib/mesh/io/texture.h
+++ b/src/terrainlib/mesh/io/texture.h
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ std::vector<uint8_t> write_texture_to_encoded_buffer(const ImageAndExt &item);
 
 #include <zpp_bits.h>
 
-namespace zpp::bits {
+namespace mesh::io {
 
 template <typename Archive>
 auto serialize(Archive &archive, const mesh::io::ImageAndExt &item) {
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ auto serialize(Archive &archive, mesh::io::ImageAndExt &item) {
     if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<Result, zpp::bits::errc> && !std::is_same_v<Result, std::errc>) {
         return result;
     } else {
-        if (failure(result)) {
+        if (zpp::bits::failure(result)) {
             return result;
         }
 
@@ -50,4 +50,4 @@ auto serialize(Archive &archive, mesh::io::ImageAndExt &item) {
     }
 }
 
-} // namespace zpp::bits
+} // namespace mesh::io
diff --git a/src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h b/src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h
index a593be3b..a8468aa3 100644
--- a/src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h
+++ b/src/terrainlib/octree/Id.h
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ struct hash<octree::Id> {
 } // namespace std
 
 #include <zpp_bits.h>
-namespace zpp::bits {
+namespace octree {
 namespace {
 constexpr zpp::bits::errc success() {
     return zpp::bits::errc(std::errc());
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ constexpr auto serialize(auto &archive, octree::Id &id) {
     if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<Result, zpp::bits::errc> && !std::is_same_v<Result, std::errc>) {
         return result;
     } else {
-        if (failure(result)) {
+        if (zpp::bits::failure(result)) {
             return result;
         }
 
@@ -344,4 +344,4 @@ constexpr auto serialize(auto &archive, octree::Id &id) {
 constexpr auto serialize(auto &archive, const octree::Id &id) {
     return archive(id.level(), id.index_on_level());
 }
-}
+} // namespace octree

From ece600929cec23785a34be4fd34c75b429ed1348 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jul 2026 10:02:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 26/27] Add Clang unity build to CI

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index ad78afe7..9d4f94da 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -35,6 +35,12 @@ jobs:
             build_type: RelWithDebInfo
             sanitizer: tsan
             cmake_flags: -DALP_ENABLE_THREAD_SANITIZER=ON
+          - name: clang-23-unity
+            cc: clang-23
+            cxx: clang++-23
+            build_type: Release
+            sanitizer: normal
+            cmake_flags: -DALP_ENABLE_UNITY_BUILD=ON
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4

From bec661464f353bbc5b46258c04e13c542c1d7e53 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: adam-ce <5292991+adam-ce@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jul 2026 14:21:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 27/27] Fix texture assembler unity build

---
 src/mesh_builder/texture_assembler.h | 22 +++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mesh_builder/texture_assembler.h b/src/mesh_builder/texture_assembler.h
index 3e795d4c..90ee1ac2 100644
--- a/src/mesh_builder/texture_assembler.h
+++ b/src/mesh_builder/texture_assembler.h
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 namespace terrainbuilder {
 
 /// Estimates the zoom level of the target bounds in relation to some reference tile given by its zoom level and bounds.
-[[nodiscard]] unsigned int estimate_zoom_level(
+[[nodiscard]] inline unsigned int estimate_zoom_level(
     const unsigned int reference_zoom_level,
     const radix::tile::SrsBounds reference_tile_bounds,
     const radix::tile::SrsBounds target_bounds) {
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ namespace terrainbuilder {
 /// Find all the tiles needed to construct the texture for the given target bounds under the root tile.
 /// The result tiles are ordered in such a way that they can be sequentially written to a texture.
 /// Larger tiles are only included if they are not covered by smaller tiles.
-[[nodiscard]] std::vector<radix::tile::Id> find_relevant_tiles_to_splatter_in_bounds(
+[[nodiscard]] inline std::vector<radix::tile::Id> find_relevant_tiles_to_splatter_in_bounds(
     /// The root tile specifying the tiles to consider.
     const radix::tile::Id root_tile,
     /// Specifes the grid used to organize the image tiles.
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ namespace terrainbuilder {
 }
 
 /// Calculate the offset and size of the target bounds inside the root tile.
-[[nodiscard]] radix::geometry::Aabb2ui calculate_target_image_region(
+[[nodiscard]] inline radix::geometry::Aabb2ui calculate_target_image_region(
     /// The bounds for which texture data should be created.
     const radix::tile::SrsBounds target_bounds,
     /// The bounds of the root tile.
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ namespace terrainbuilder {
     return target_image_region;
 }
 
-[[nodiscard]] radix::geometry::Aabb2ui calculate_pixel_tile_bounds(
+[[nodiscard]] inline radix::geometry::Aabb2ui calculate_pixel_tile_bounds(
     radix::tile::Id tile,
     const radix::tile::Id root_tile,
     const glm::uvec2 tile_image_pixel_size,
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ namespace terrainbuilder {
     return radix::geometry::Aabb2ui(tile_position, tile_position + tile_size);
 }
 
-[[nodiscard]] cv::Rect to_cv_rect(radix::geometry::Aabb2ui aabb) {
+[[nodiscard]] inline cv::Rect to_cv_rect(radix::geometry::Aabb2ui aabb) {
     const glm::uvec2 size = aabb.size();
     return cv::Rect{
         static_cast<int>(aabb.min.x),
@@ -166,14 +166,14 @@ namespace terrainbuilder {
         static_cast<int>(size.y)
     };
 }
-[[nodiscard]] cv::Size to_cv_size(glm::uvec2 vec) {
+[[nodiscard]] inline cv::Size to_cv_size(glm::uvec2 vec) {
     return cv::Size{
         static_cast<int>(vec.x),
         static_cast<int>(vec.y)
     };
 }
 
-void copy_paste_image(
+inline void copy_paste_image(
     cv::Mat &target,
     const cv::Mat &source,
     const radix::geometry::Aabb2i target_bounds,
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ void copy_paste_image(
     final_source.copyTo(target(target_rect));
 }
 
-void copy_paste_image(
+inline void copy_paste_image(
     cv::Mat &target,
     const cv::Mat &source,
     const glm::ivec2 target_position,
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ void copy_paste_image(
 }
 
 namespace {
-std::optional<std::filesystem::path> try_get_tile_path(const radix::tile::Id tile, const TileProvider &tile_provider) {
+inline std::optional<std::filesystem::path> try_get_tile_path(const radix::tile::Id tile, const TileProvider &tile_provider) {
     const TilePathProvider *tile_path_provider = dynamic_cast<const TilePathProvider *>(&tile_provider);
     if (tile_path_provider != nullptr) {
         return tile_path_provider->get_tile_path(tile).value();
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ std::optional<std::filesystem::path> try_get_tile_path(const radix::tile::Id til
 }
 }
 
-[[nodiscard]] cv::Mat splatter_tiles_to_texture(
+[[nodiscard]] inline cv::Mat splatter_tiles_to_texture(
     const radix::tile::Id root_tile,
     /// Specifes the grid used to organize the image tiles.
     const ctb::Grid &grid,
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ std::optional<std::filesystem::path> try_get_tile_path(const radix::tile::Id til
 }
 
 /// Creates a texture for the given region.
-[[nodiscard]] std::optional<cv::Mat> assemble_texture_from_tiles(
+[[nodiscard]] inline std::optional<cv::Mat> assemble_texture_from_tiles(
     /// Specifes the grid used to organize the image tiles.
     const ctb::Grid &grid,
     /// Specifies the srs the target bounds are in.